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Abstract Behavioral contrast and resurgence emerge following worsening of conditions of alternative reinforcement. In this experiment, the effects of stimuli correlated with nonreinforcement during extinction were compared with respect to their effects in generating resurgence and contrast within individual pigeons. Four pigeons were exposed to a two‐key concurrent schedule in which a target response arranged a variable‐interval (VI) 60‐s schedule and an alternative response key arranged a two‐component multiple VI 60‐s VI 60‐s schedule. In the resurgence preparation, target responding was extinguished after training before extinguishing the alternative. In the contrast preparation, both components of the multiple schedule were associated with extinction, whereas target responding was still reinforced. In both, one of the two multiple schedule stimuli was replaced by a darkened keylight. When the key associated with the alternative component was on during extinction, there was less resurgence and the magnitude of contrast was less than when the key was dark. The results replicated earlier findings of the effects of the presence or absence of stimuli on resurgence and contrast but under conditions allowing direct comparisons within individual subjects. The results both suggest a functional similarity between behavioral phenomena labeled resurgence and contrast and invite a search for other similarities.

Abstract When responding to a stimulus exerting overselective control over behavior is extinguished, control by underselected stimuli may emerge. We investigated how the degree of extinction influences control by underselected stimuli. Adult humans ( N = 459) chose between rapidly presented compound S+ and S− stimuli in a simultaneous discrimination. Then, participants chose between individual compound‐stimulus elements in an unreinforced testing phase. The S+ element that was chosen most often underwent revaluation, during which choice of that element was reinforced with a probability ranging from 0 ( complete extinction ) to 1 no extinction ) in different groups. In post‐revaluation retesting, choice of the overselected element was lower than in pre‐revaluation testing; this decrease was greater when the overselected element had been reinforced with a lower probability during revaluation. For the underselected element, choice decreased when the overselected element was completely extinguished and increased when the overselected element was sometimes or always reinforced. This highlights the role of the contingency change in post‐revaluation changes in stimulus control. Our findings are consistent with comparator theories of overselectivity and suggest that control by underselected stimuli may emerge after partial extinction of an overselected stimulus. Future studies should establish the generality of these findings with clinical populations displaying overselectivity.

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ABSTRACTThe high‐probability instructional sequence (HPIS) is a widely used behavior analytical intervention comprising multiple components and procedural variations; therefore, identifying the key elements contributing to its efficacy is crucial. Twenty articles published between 2010 and 2022 met our inclusion criteria. We quantified the association between HPIS procedural variations and the intervention's efficacy. Across the studies included in this review, HPIS was associated with a moderately large effect or a large effect and deemed as effective for at least 60% of the data sets when (a) during the compliance assessment, compliance was exposed to appetitive consequences, (b) during the HPIS evaluation, the same combination of stimuli (e.g., edible and praise; tactile stimulus and praise) was delivered contingent on compliance with the high‐p and low‐p, and (c) during the HPIS evaluation different consequences were provided for compliance with the low‐p and high‐p and combined stimuli were presented as a reinforcer following compliance to low‐p (i.e., praise for compliance with the high‐p and praise and tactile stimulus for compliance with the low‐p). The associations identified in this review can guide the design and implementation of HPIS in applied settings. Additionally, the results highlight the need for additional empirical evaluations of isolated and combined components of HPIS to determine their relative contribution to the intervention efficacy and to determine the generality of the results of previous studies.

O livro About Behaviorism completou, em 2024, 50 anos desde seu lançamento, em 1974. Uma das razões para Skinner considerar pertinente a redação desse texto foi a crescente circulação, seja na imprensa, seja nos artigos científicos, seja nos debates acadêmicos frequentes em congressos científicos, dos pressupostos e princípios então acumulados a respeito do behaviorismo skinneriano. About Behaviorism é uma espécie de resumo dos principais temas, especialmente sob o viés ético, das propostas de B. F. Skinner não apenas aplicáveis ao comportamento individual, mas à possibilidade de formulação de delineamentos culturais. Desde este capítulo introdutório até o final do exame dos principais embates teóricos, o leitor pode considerar estar diante de uma edição comemorativa de revisão do About sob a opinião de autores representativos da Análise do Comportamento.

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AbstractRules can control the listener's behavior, yet few studies have examined variables that quantitatively determine the extent of this control relative to other rules and contingencies. To explore these variables, we employed a novel procedure that required a choice between rules. Participants clicked two buttons on a computer screen to earn points exchangeable for money. During training, participants were exposed to rules from two simulated individuals. Rule compliance was measured using free‐operant choice periods. In the test phase, both simulated individuals appeared simultaneously, providing different rules, followed by a free‐operant period of extinction to assess participants' preferences. Experiment 1 varied the reinforcement rate associated with each rule provider, showing that participants systematically preferred the rule provider with the highest reinforcement rate. In the control condition without rules, participants' preferences tended toward indifference. Experiment 2 varied rule accuracy. This time, participants' preferences favored the icon correlated with accurate rules. However, preferences were not exclusive to the alternatives instructed by this rule provider and tended to match the reinforcement rate obtained for this rule provider during training. These findings suggest that rule‐following behavior is a form of choice governed by the relative distribution of reinforcement available in the listener's environment.

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AbstractPinkston et al. (2024) provided 17 participants with their high‐preference music for increasing and decreasing their walking speeds on a treadmill. The results showed that high‐preference music produced schedule control of walking speed for 14 of 17 (82.35%) participants. In addition, Pinkston et al. found that 78.57% of participants whose walking showed schedule control also displayed variable responding during an extinction component. As an extension of Pinkston et al., we presented 25 participants with their high‐preference music for walking on a treadmill during a five‐component mixed schedule wherein the synchronous reinforcement components contained larger and nonoverlapping bands for contacting the synchronous reinforcer. Schedule control emerged for 18 of 25 (72%) participants. In addition, 14 (77.78%) participants whose behavior showed schedule control also displayed considerable variability in walking speed during the extinction component. Implications and future research directions for promoting health‐related behaviors are discussed.

Abstract Dissemination of applied behavior analytic scholarship to those outside the field can produce potent reinforcers. This discussion proposes that increasing dissemination requires the application of behavior analytic principles to scholarly behavior by applied behavior analysts. Its major premise is that increasing consumption of products of applied behavior analytic scholarship by those from outside the field requires distinct strategies to (a) attract individuals from outside the field to traditional outlets for applied behavior analytic scholarship and (b) increase the frequency of applied behavior analytic scholarship appearing in outlets that do not regularly feature it. A critical element of both strategies is the judicious adoption of methods or terminology from other disciplines. However, different approaches are required to implement each strategy. Practical tactics for individual applied behavior analysts to contribute to both strategies are also discussed.