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Abstract The present article focuses on presentations from the second topical cluster from the 2024 Theory and Philosophy Conference held by the ABAI—Cultural Systems. The cultural systems cluster was comprised of two primary talks—“Unhinging Design from Darwinian and Skinnerian Selection” (Wasserman, 2024), and a second, co-authored by Sigrid Glenn and Maria Malott (and delivered by Sigrid Glenn), entitled “Behavior and Cumulative Cultural Evolution.” We will begin by briefly summarizing some of the main points of each talk, and then discussing some of the implications of the arguments developed in each. The approach taken to link these two seemingly different primary talks will be interdisciplinary. I will seek to illustrate how dynamic patterns of systemic interactions within systems of physical energy parallel the dynamic patterns of behavioral systems and enable us to “reconstruct” some of the main principles emphasized in the primary talks, while also seeking to develop an understanding of how various processes of selection by consequences (natural selection, operant selection, and selection of cultures) emerge from systemic interactions.

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Abstract Behavior analysts have studied the development of early vocal behavior in the context of infant–caregiver interactions. In the current article, we focus on two specific aspects of a caregiver's contingent response to infant vocalizations: contingent vocal imitation, which involves an adult imitating the speech sounds emitted by the child, and parentese, which involves short phrases with high pitch, exaggerated intonation, and slower tempo. We present the evidence for (a) effects of these forms of contingent responding on children's vocalizations and (b) effective intervention in studies with clinical populations. We highlight key aspects of prior studies, including methodological and procedural details and the observed effects on the frequency and quality of children's vocalizations. We discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects on children's vocal responses, including conditioning, social reinforcement, automatic reinforcement, and evolutionary adaptations. We discuss clinical implications for practitioners and identify 10 critical areas for future research.

ABSTRACT Caregivers' vocal imitation provided contingently on infant vocalization is an essential factor in early language development. While there is a large body of research using contingent vocal imitation (CVI) procedures with infants, there is limited research on applying the CVI procedure to young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study examined the effectiveness of the CVI procedure implemented by caregivers (staff members) to increase the vocalizations and echoic responses (imitative responses) of four children with ASD. The effects of CVI were compared to a noncontingent vocalization control condition using a modified alternating treatments design, with a baseline and reversal. All four participants demonstrated an increase in vocalizations in the CVI phase. Two participants demonstrated increased echoic (imitative) responses in the CVI conditions compared to the initial baseline condition and control condition. We discuss the implications of these findings for application and future research with younger children with ASD and in multiple settings and caregivers.

Abstract Acute and chronic consumption of sugar‐rich foods alters the probability of binge eating and reinforcement processes related to self‐regulation of food intake. While delay discounting—preference for smaller, more immediate outcomes over larger, delayed ones—is linked to binge eating, the role of diet is less studied. We examined the extent to which acute food presentation (i.e., food cues) affected food delay discounting in binge‐eating prone (BEP) rats exposed to chronic, but restricted, high‐sugar diets. Female BEP and binge‐eating‐resistant rats were randomly assigned to a chronic Oreo‐plus‐chow diet, where 22.5% of calories came from sugar, or a chow‐only diet. Delay discounting for sucrose was assessed twice: first under baseline and then followed by an acute cookie‐cue condition where rats consumed a morsel of Oreo cookie immediately before the second session. Cookie cues induced higher delay discounting relative to baseline for all rats. A significant Binge Proneness × Diet interaction was observed. Binge‐eating‐prone rats with the chow‐only diet exhibited higher delay discounting than BEP rats given the Oreo‐plus‐chow diet. These findings indicate that cookie cues increase delay discounting but also suggest that limited and consistent access to sugar may serve as a protective factor that decreases delay discounting in binge‐prone organisms.

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