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Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) is implemented in schools across geographic locales. Some existing research has explored variables influencing the sustainability of PBIS, yet there is a need to further investigate sustainable PBIS implementation in rural school communities and learn from the experiences of school PBIS team members. In this qualitative study, we examined the views of PBIS school team members ( N = 32) from nine rural schools in one Midwestern U.S. state. We explored rural PBIS team members’ perspectives during semi-structured focus groups on (a) variables contributing to their success with PBIS sustainment and (b) aspects of rurality that influenced PBIS implementation and sustainment. We used thematic analysis to identify themes from participant responses. Findings suggest that team members expressed a variety of facilitators contributing to sustainment, including having dynamic and data-informed frameworks, integration into their school and community, staffing, external support and collaboration, and necessary structures and resources. Team members also viewed their rurality as influential for the relationships between communities and schools, relationships within smaller schools, demographics and cultural responsiveness, and their need for tailoring of PBIS efforts. We discuss finding implications on the implementation and sustainment of PBIS in rural schools and communities.

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Abstract Physical inactivity during pregnancy is problematic and associated with adverse health outcomes, including increased blood loss during labor and pre-eclampsia. The purpose of the present study was to apply the behavioral economic framework to understand physical inactivity among pregnant women. We examine the factor structure of a novel hypothetical purchase task for physical inactivity in a cross-sectional survey study, as well as examine differences in the latent variable scores in a convenience sample of two distinct populations ( n = 68): pregnant veterans and nonveterans. Results showed that the purchase task was characterized by two latent factors: amplitude (i.e., intensity of demand for physical inactivity, α = 0.5) and persistence (i.e., demand sensitivity regarding physical inactivity, α = 0.9). After controlling for relevant demographic variables using linear regression analysis, veterans—compared to nonveterans—exhibited higher persistence (b = 1.6, p < 0.001) and amplitude scores (b = 1.2, p < 0.001). In summary, this study characterized a new behavioral economic measure of physical inactivity for pregnant women. Furthermore, we suggest that pregnant veterans may value physical inactivity more than pregnant nonveterans.

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Abstract Soft skills, such as communication, empathy, collaboration, and self-reflection, are increasingly recognized as essential for effective and ethical practice in the field of applied behavior analysis (ABA; Cowan & Kodak,2023; LeBlanc et al., 2020; Sellers et al., 2016). These competencies are foundational to compassionate care and culturally responsive practice, which support the development of strong therapeutic alliances with diverse clients and their families (Fong et al., 2016; Rohrer et al., 2021; Wright, 2019). The authors of this systematic review examined 11 peer reviewed studies that evaluated interventions designed to enhance soft skills among ABA practitioners. They reviewed empirical studies to determine which skills were targeted, the effectiveness of interventions, how cultural relevance was incorporated, and whether participants' perspectives were considered. Findings indicated that most interventions were effective, with behavioral skills training (BST) emerging as the most used and successful approach. However, few studies explicitly addressed cultural responsiveness (e.g., Tereshko et al., 2024) or incorporated participant input to ensure social validity (Leifler et al., 2022; Schwartz & Baer, 1991). Considering these findings, future research should aim to both evaluate interventions across culturally and linguistically diverse populations and integrate culturally responsive practices, and practitioner-centered feedback into future soft skill training programs.

Abstract In the evolving field of applied behavior analysis, there is a growing recognition of the value that qualitative research brings to understanding and improving interventions (Burney et al., Perspectives on Behavior Science , 46, 185–200, 2023; Leif et al., Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 57 (3), 542–559, 2024). Our group of academics and practicing behavior analysts aim to share our journey towards incorporating qualitative approaches in our research and practice, underscoring their importance and application in enhancing our scientific endeavors. This article will guide readers through the process of qualitative inquiry, from thinking of words as data through to an introduction to qualitative inquiry methods and how to collect and analyze data. We then discuss some of the ethical considerations around qualitative research (researcher reflexivity, centering participant voice and cultural responsivity) and conclude with highlighting the value of mixed methods research, as we work towards enhancing the social validity of behavior-analytic interventions. Through sharing this journey, we are hoping our behavior-analytic peers will recognize that the path to including qualitative approaches in their research is not daunting and will lead to valuable insights into how we meet the needs of those we serve.

Abstract The use of technology within single-case design research has expanded exponentially across disciplines, which necessitates a better understanding of global scientific knowledge and patterns. We aimed to empirically map the evolution of knowledge in single-case design methodology using technology. In the semi-automated screening process, we identified 3,637 publications from the Web of Science, spanning the years 1970 to 2025. The Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis was ranked highest in h -index and g -index, and Behavior Analysis in Practice had the highest m -index. The United States was the country with the most authors affiliated. A total of 15 topics emerged through contextualized topic modeling. Primary topics most addressed across decades included health interventions , video modeling , telehealth services , and function-based interventions (topical coverage = 10.83% to 13.75%). Word co-occurrence networks and Bayesian negative binomial piecewise regression verified changes in the knowledge detected in word patterns. The trend in word usage was steeper for reused words than for new words from the 1970s to the 2020s. Among reused words, “multiple,” “baseline,” “design” with “functional,” “analysis” and “single,” “case,” and “treatment” consistently had high eigenvector centrality, bridging new words across multiple topics. Regarding the expansion of new words in research, video modeling surged in 2010, and social skills interventions , telehealth services , and mathematics instruction exhibited accelerating trends after 2010, with a credible increase of 1.16 times that of function-based interventions for social skills interventions . These findings highlight dynamic knowledge evolution and continued attention to understanding the diversity of the research landscape.

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