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After rats received preliminary training to avoid shock on a discrete‐trial retractable‐bar avoidance procedure, the procedure was changed such that responses retracted the lever but did not affect the rate of shock. Responses only delayed the onset of shock. About half of the animals under these procedures responded consistently on almost 100% of the discrete‐trial cycles over days. When short latencies maximized the response‐shock delay, animals tended to make short‐latency responses. When long latencies maximized the response‐shock delay, animals tended to make long‐latency responses. When all response latencies produced the same response‐shock delay, animals made differing average‐latency responses. And, when responses did not delay shock, most of the animals primarily engaged in shock‐elicited responding while the other animals engaged in preshock responding.

Two teachers who led regular third‐grade classrooms in a suburban elementary school were trained via role‐playing to use a broad range of social skills in dealing with group behavioral management in the classroom. Teacher training reduced disruptive student behavior during both seat work and group discussions in both classrooms. A measure of student productivity during arithmetic period in one classroom showed significant gains in arithmetic problems correct per day for the middle and bottom thirds of the class, with the bottom third increasing by 76%.

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Drinking was recorded in rats while lever pressing was maintained on a series of percentage reinforcement schedules in which the per cent of 1‐min fixed intervals terminating with food was 100, 90, 30, 70, 10, 50, and 100%. Intervals in which a pellet was omitted were terminated by brief light flash and click stimuli that were also correlated with food presentations. Drinking failed to develop in five of six subjects following intervals in which the brief stimuli were presented regardless of percentage reinforcement. Postpellet drinking, which followed intervals terminated with pellet delivery, however, increased in both duration and amount ingested per interval as percentage reinforcement was systematically decreased. The increase in postpellet drinking above that produced by 100% reinforcement was interpreted as an analogue of the positive‐contrast effect observed with food‐reinforced operants.