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On a tandem fixed‐ratio one fixed‐interval schedule, the first response after reinforcement initiates a fixed interval of time and the first response after the interval has elapsed is reinforced. Pigeons trained with that schedule of food reinforcement paused after reinforcement for a period of time that approximated the fixed‐interval duration for values of that duration ranging from 3.75 to 60 sec. Cumulative records revealed response patterns best described as break‐and‐run.

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Pigeons were trained to key peck for food on multiple reinforcement schedules including components of continuous and fixed‐ratio reinforcement and extinction. At the end of the chamber opposite the response key was a restrained target pigeon. The target restraining equipment was designed to record automatically blows struck against the target. When the experimental pigeons were paired with restrained target pigeons they attacked the target. Attack occurred during extinction after both continuous and fixed‐ratio reinforcement. Attack also occurred occasionally during fixed‐ratio 25 and fixed‐ratio 40 and frequently during fixed‐ratio 60 and fixed‐ratio 120. No attack occurred during fixed‐ratio 15 and continuous reinforcement. After a history of stable responding without a target bird present, the introduction of a target bird resulted in severely strained key‐peck responding characterized by long periods of neither key pecking nor aggressing.

An experimenter presented English words to three intermediate‐level children and reinforced accurate imitation of these words. The experimenter also presented novel Spanish words, but the imitation of these words was never experimentally reinforced. One subject quickly ceased performing non‐reinforced imitative responses. The other two subjects were exposed to a series of conditions designed to facilitate discrimination. Upon observing the first subject for one session they immediately ceased imitating Spanish demonstrations. For all three subjects, when reinforcement was delivered for responses other than imitation, all imitative responses eventually ceased. When reinforcement was reintroduced for English imitations there was an immediate resumption of such responses to their previous 100% level. The occurrence of non‐reinforced imitations in this and previous studies was discussed as being a function of one or combination of four variables: (1) similarity acquiring conditioned reinforcing properties, or (2) instructional, (3) coincidental, or (4) conditional stimulus generalization.