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Responding at low rates was differentially reinforced in each of two components of a multiple schedule. In order to study the relative contributions to behavioral contrast in one component of the rates of responding, and of reinforcement in a second component, a series of visual stimuli correlated with the duration of each interresponse time was added to one component. The added stimuli resulted in a decreased rate of responding and hence an increased rate of reinforcement in that component. Despite the increase in the rate of reinforcement, the rate of responding without added stimuli in the other component increased (contrast), even though the increase resulted in less frequent reinforcement.

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In a two‐link, concurrent‐chain schedule, pigeons' pecks on each key during the initial link occasionally produced a terminal link, during which only that key was operative. Responses in the terminal link were reinforced with food on either fixed‐interval or variable‐interval schedules. In one experiment, relative amount of responding in the initial link equaled the relative harmonic rate of reinforcement in the terminal links. In a second experiment, the selection of interreinforcement intervals in variable‐interval schedules in the terminal links was such that rates of reinforcement based on the harmonic or on the arithmetic means of the interreinforcement intervals predicted opposite preferences in the initial links. The observed preference was consistent with that predicted by the harmonic rather than by the arithmetic rates of reinforcement.

With the horizontal electrooculographic potential as the operant, four monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) were conditioned to move their eyes at high and low rates by initial use of fixed‐ratio schedules of reinforcement, followed by a changeover to multiple schedules of fixed‐ratio reinforcement and discriminated differential reinforcement of low rate. These differences in rate of eye movement were not observed in a control animal given the same patterns of discriminative stimuli and deliveries of the reinforcing agent independent of its eye movements.

In a monitoring situation eye movements were required in order for signals to be presented. Detection of signals was the reinforcement. A multiple schedule of fixed‐interval reinforcement, differential reinforcement of low rate, and fixed‐ratio reinforcement was established for eye movements. Results demonstrated that an eye movement can act as an operant controlled by its consequences. Operant control of eye movements has important implications for human factor analysts concerned with “attention”.