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The key‐pecking of a pigeon was reinforced with grain on an 18‐min second‐order schedule. During the 18 min, a key peck which completed a 3‐min fixed interval produced a stimulus of 0.5‐sec duration. The first 3‐min fixed interval completed after 18 min resulted in primary reinforcement. Behavior characteristic of fixed‐interval schedules was produced on both the 3‐min components and the 18‐min schedule. This performance was shown to be enhanced whenever the 0.5‐sec stimulus was also presented before the presentation of grain.

Four rats were trained on a schedule containing stimuli associated with variable‐interval 30‐sec and differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate 20‐sec schedules of reinforcement. Subsequently, a stimulus compounding test was administered that included individual presentations of two intensities of each stimulus plus compounds of these stimuli. In training, extremely high rates were emitted to the variable‐interval stimulus, and very low rates to the differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate stimulus. Compounding the two training stimuli always produced an overall response rate intermediate between the rates controlled by the two stimuli separately presented. Essentially the same relationship held with different stimulus intensities. These results resolve the confounding of response and reinforcement variables present in previous conditioning studies reporting response averaging. They are discussed in terms of the incompatibility of the response chains associated with the individual stimuli compounded.

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Subjects separated by a Plexiglas partition were trained to follow a cooperative escape procedure which produced behavior like the escape responding of individual subjects. Removal of the partition produced fighting and less efficient escape. Efficient escape behavior was restored and fighting disappeared when the partition was replaced. Neither increased space nor a moving toy affected escape behavior. The results indicate that switching animals from an isolated to a social situation produced a change in the effect of shock upon escape which was related to shock‐induced fighting.