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Monkeys were trained to release a telegraph key in response to a visual or auditory stimulus. The latency of the key release response was measured for different stimulus intensities. In general, the relation between latency and intensity is inverse and exponential with greater variability of latency at the lower intensities. Some preliminary data involving differential reinforcement of short latencies are presented.

An attempt was made to modify a socially desirable response of mental patients. It was found that instructions to the patients had no enduring effect unless accompanied by reinforcement. Also, it was found that reinforcement was not effective unless the reinforcement procedure was accompanied by instructions that specified the basis for the reinforcement. Maximum change in behavior was obtained when the reinforcement procedure took advantage of the existing verbal repertoire of the patients. A significant methodological finding was that substantial modification of the behavior of psychotics could be achieved by briefly delaying, rather than withholding, food reinforcement.

Rats were required to complete varying numbers of licks (FR), ranging from 10 to 300, in order to free an activity wheel for predetermined times (CT) ranging from 2 to 20 sec. The reinforcement of drinking by running was shown both by an increased frequency of licking, and by changes in length of the burst of licking relative to operant‐level burst length. In log‐log coordinates, instrumental licking tended to be a linear increasing function of FR for the range tested, a linear decreasing function of CT for the range tested. Pause time was implicated in both of the above relations, being a generally increasing function of both FR and CT.

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Four goldfish (Carassius auratus, comet) were reinforced with food when they intercepted a beam of light. Each fish performed on both CRF and VI 50‐sec schedules. In subsequent extinctions, the CRF schedule produced more responses on the first day than did VI, but after the first day the post‐CRF rate dropped much more rapidly. These results agree with those previously obtained in birds and mammals.

The effects of several conditions of response cost (response‐produced point loss) upon FR 50 performance maintained by 100‐point reinforcements were investigated. Post‐reinforcement pauses did not appear under no‐cost (no points deducted per response) conditions. Such pauses were effected, however, by introducing 5‐sec periods of one‐point and two‐point costs after each reinforcement. Continuous response cost did not affect responding as long as the cost was less than the 100‐point reinforcements. Rapid cessation of responding occurred when continuous response cost was made equal to reinforcement.

This study examined the effects of response‐produced cost upon human observer responses during extinction following FI reinforcement. Relative to a no‐cost condition, cost produced marked and rapid response attenuation.

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