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Fighting cocks were conditioned to emit a key‐pecking response on a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule leading to the visual image of another fighting cock. In addition, the relative reinforcing properties of the visual reinforcer were compared with food and water reinforcers in a three‐choice, non‐reversible option situation. The relative reinforcing effects of mirror presentation and another rooster visually presented through a window, were compared. The mirror maintained a relatively lower response output.

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The pecking response of pigeons was reinforced when a minimum period of time had elapsed since the last response (DRL schedule of food‐reinforcement). Punishment, satiation, extinction, and stimulus change were employed separately to reduce responding. When the effects of the four procedures were compared, punishment was found capable of producing a more immediate, complete and long lasting response reduction than the others. Punishment had its maximum effect on the responses that were least relevant to reinforcement. The punishment reduced the frequency of the short inter‐response times to a greater extent than did either extinction or satiation. In this way, punishment actually increased the efficiency of the DRL responding.

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The fixed interval schedule described requires the animal to initiate every time interval by making a response on a bar other than the one on which it is reinforced. This response, RA, demarcates the postreinforcement pause (SR‐RA interval) from the fixed interval pause (RA‐RB interval) so that these pauses may be measured separately. Twelve rats and three monkeys, working in two‐bar Skinner boxes, were trained and stabilized on this schedule. The resulting performances, presented for individual animals, are analyzed in terms of (1) the relative frequencies with which the animal waits various lengths of time between consecutive responses, (2) the relative frequencies with which various rates of responding appear, (3) the change in response rate throughout the fixed interval, (4) the average length of the postreinforcement pause, (5) the relative frequencies with which the animal waits different lengths of time between the RA and the first RB, and (6) the average inter‐response time as a function of the rank order in the fixed interval of the inter‐response time. The joint interpretation of the several measures taken leads to the following conclusions: 1. The probability of an RB increases throughout the fixed interval. 2. The increase is discontinuous at the first RB, at which point the probability increases sharply. 3. The frequency distributions of RA‐RA pauses exhibit three discrete types of behavior with no intermediate cases. 4. The (main) mode of RA‐RB interval length usually occurs just below the fixed interval requirement.

A group of pigeons was trained in a Skinner box to peck for VI reinforcement when the key was illuminated by a monochromatic light of 540 or 580 mμ but were non‐reinforced for responding to 560 mμ. Two control groups, differing in amount of training, received only the two positive stimuli. At the completion of training all Ss received generalization tests under extinction. Both control groups produced bi‐modal generalization gradients with the peaks of responding at the S+ values. The post‐discrimination gradient revealed peaks displaced from the S+ values in the direction away from the S—, low responding and increased steepness in the region of S— and a general elevation of the gradient.