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Pigeons were trained on an observing‐response procedure in which periods of VR 100 and EXT alternated unpredictably during a white light (mixed stimulus). During VR 100, responses on a food‐producing key (the first key) were intermittently reinforced. Responses on the observing key (the second key) produced a green light (positive stimulus) when VR 100 was in effect, and a red light (negative stimulus) for EXT. The birds did not respond on either key during the negative stimulus, but they responded on the food‐producing key when the positive stimulus appeared. When observing responses produced the positive or negative stimulus on FR, observing responses were maintained until the FR reached a maximum; beyond this, only food‐producing responses occurred. When observing responses did not produce either stimulus, the observing‐response rates fell to zero. With prolonged exposure to an FR 20 schedule of observing, observing‐response rates during EXT were higher than during VR 100. Chlorpromazine hydrochloride decreased the total response output but markedly increased observing‐response rates except when it was administered before sessions of observing response extinction.

Human subjects were used in a study of auditory generalization following multiple‐response discrimination training. The relations observed among stimulus intensity, response probability, and response latency were invariant with respect to whether the two vocal responses conditioned were topographically discrete, as in one experiment, or topographically continuous, as in another. The major findings were: . The probabilities associated with a specific response were maximal over several stimulus values at the extreme ends of the continuum, then dropped sharply at stimuli intermediate to the initial SD's as the probability of the alternative response increased. . Overall response latency was inversely related to the relative frequency of the two responses at each stimulus value. When the two responses were most nearly equal in probability, latencies were maximal; when one response had close to unit or zero probability, latencies were minimal. . Analysis of the latencies of the two responses, taken separately, revealed: (a) an increase in latency as the difference between the test stimulus and the initial SD increased; (b) a sharp discontinuity in the latency gradient and reversal in trend at intermediate stimulus intensities; and (c) at a given stimulus value, latencies associated with the stochastically dominant response were consistently shorter than those of the nondominant response. . No changes in response topography (fundamental frequency) were correlated with the characteristic changes in probability and latency during stimulus generalization.

In a wide variety of learning experiments, cumulated measures of performance turn out to be a power function of practice time or number trials, typically with an exponent between 1 and 2. The effects of various conditions on the course of learning can frequently be described in terms of the two constants of the function.

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This paper describes several procedures for using special chemicals or inks to immediately reinforce a response to a multiple‐choice stimulus. These procedures are known to be currently available, economically feasible, and administratively practical.