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Three experiments are reported which investigated the effects of cost (point loss per response) upon human‐observer responses maintained by VI and FI schedules of reinforcement (acquisition of points via critical‐signal detections). (I) Cost attenuated VI response rates without substantially disturbing the constancy of responding, regardless of the presentation sequence of the no‐cost and cost conditions. (II) FI scalloping appeared only under cost conditions. Under no cost, a constant rate of responding (similar to VI performance) characterized inter‐reinforcement intervals. Exposure to cost did not prevent the recovery of previously established no‐cost baselines. (III) FI irregularities, analogous to those commonly observed under FI reinforcement schedules, may be produced by different temporal presentations of the no‐cost and cost conditions.The results of all three experiments emphasize the importance of cost as a factor in the maintenance of human behavior on schedules of positive reinforcement.

The development of strong postreinforcement drinking behavior under variable‐interval food reinforcement in rats was found to be influenced by the proportion of short intervals in the VI and the proximity of the water tube to the lever.

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Rats were able to adjust to two different temporal requirements within several multiple DRL schedules of reinforcement, and a slight induction between pairs of components was found. Initial administration of dl‐amphetamine differentially disrupted spaced responding in the components of a multiple DRL 36 DRL 18 schedule, but did not eliminate discrimination between the components. After maximum drug effects, the continued administration of dl‐amphetamine was accompanied by a progressive recovery of the behavior towards the characteristics of saline control.

Pigeons were required to complete three successive fixed‐interval components to obtain food. When the same exteroceptive stimulus was correlated with the three components, responding was positively accelerated between food deliveries. When different exteroceptive stimuli were correlated with each component in a fixed sequence, prolonged pauses developed in the first component; low response rates developed in the second component; and responding was positively accelerated in the second and third components. When different exteroceptive stimuli were correlated with each component in a variable sequence, responding was positively accelerated in each component. Because the response and reinforcement contingencies were the same in all three procedures, the differences in performances must be due to the changes in the sequence of stimuli.

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