Indexador

AbstractThe stability of delay discounting across time has been well-established. However, limited research has examined the stability of probability discounting, and no studies of the stability of effort discounting are available. The present study assessed the steady-state characteristics of delay, probability, and effort discounting tasks across time with hypothetical rewards in humans, as well as whether response characteristics suggested a common discounting equation. Participants completed delay, probability, and effort discounting tasks on three occasions. We found moderate relative stability of delay and probability tasks, and similar evidence for absolute stability across time for all tasks. The interclass correlations coefficient showed some correspondence across time points and tasks, and higher levels of between subject variability, especially for the effort discounting task, suggesting trait level variables has a stronger influence on performance than state level variables. Performance on the delay and probability tasks were moderately correlated and similar mathematical functions fit choice patterns on both tasks (hyperbolic), suggesting that delay and probability discounting processes shared some common elements. Lower correlations and different function fits suggested that effort discounting involves more unique features.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractIncidental bidirectional naming (Inc‐BiN) has been defined as a verbal developmental cusp whereby children demonstrate learning the names of things as listener and speaker as a function of observation alone. Stimulus characteristics have been found to affect performance in tests for Inc‐BiN. To further explore this effect, Experiment 1 compared untaught listener and speaker responses for novel familiar‐type versus novel nonfamiliar‐type stimuli with 20 first‐grade students following naming experiences in which the participants observed each visual stimulus five times while hearing its name. Participants performed significantly better with familiar‐type than with nonfamiliar‐type stimuli. Experiment 2 examined the effects of a repeated‐probe intervention to induce Inc‐BiN with nonfamiliar‐type stimuli. Participants were six first‐grade students who demonstrated incidental unidirectional naming (i.e., acquired names as listener from exposure alone). Implementation of the intervention was staggered across dyads of participants in a multiple‐probe, simultaneous‐treatments design. One participant in each dyad received the intervention with nonfamiliar‐type stimuli only and the other with both nonfamiliar‐ and familiar‐type stimuli. Pre‐ and postintervention Inc‐BiN probes with stimuli not included in the intervention suggested both conditions were effective in establishing Inc‐BiN for nonfamiliar‐type stimuli. These findings have implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying Inc‐BiN.

AbstractSelf‐feeding is a behavioral cusp vital to independence, growth, and development. Previous studies demonstrate that interventions like escape extinction in the form of physical guidance are effective at increasing self‐feeding in children with feeding disorders. However, these interventions may not be effective for all children. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a treatment package that involved increasing the quality of feeder attention and access to tangibles to decrease the comparative value of escape from the self‐feeding demand for two children with feeding disorders using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline design. Despite demonstrating the skills to self‐feed preferred foods and consume target foods, neither child self‐fed target foods independently. Following differential reinforcement with the manipulation of establishing operations, both children demonstrated improvement in self‐feeding bites of target foods. In addition, caregivers were trained to implement the protocol with high procedural integrity.

As pesquisas em psicologia têm se mostrado limitadas quanto ao público que representam em relação aos pesquisadores e aos pesquisados, o que pode produzir problemáticas consequências no trabalho com indivíduos e grupos multiculturais. Este trabalho teve como objetivo revisar na literatura possíveis interfaces do trabalho clínico voltado para populações multiculturais, principalmente no que diz respeito a grupos historicamente oprimidos, e propor uma ampliação do olhar do terapeuta no contexto das Terapias Comportamentais Contextuais, especificamente a Psicoterapia Analítica Funcional (FAP) por sua característica interpessoal que leva em conta tanto o comportar-se de clientes quanto do próprio terapeuta. Para tanto é realizada uma análise do conceito de lugar de fala da díade terapêutica, levando em consideração o modelo de competência cultural ADDRESSING, o qual apresenta dimensões associadas a identidades culturais específicas interseccionais relevantes para o trabalho com a multiculturalidade. O trabalho apresenta uma proposta de um novo olhar para uma formulação de caso, para que se possa levar em conta as diferentes culturas nas quais os clientes e terapeutas estão inseridos e, fundamentalmente, melhorar o atendimento em saúde mental de populações historicamente oprimidas.

AbstractWhile trying to infer laws of behavior, accounting for both within‐subjects and between‐subjects variance is often overlooked. It has been advocated recently to use multilevel modeling to analyze matching behavior. Using multilevel modeling within behavior analysis has its own challenges though. Adequate sample sizes are required (at both levels) for unbiased parameter estimates. The purpose of the current study is to compare parameter recovery and hypothesis rejection rates of maximum likelihood (ML) estimation and Bayesian estimation (BE) of multilevel models for matching behavior studies. Four factors were investigated through simulations: number of subjects, number of measurements by subject, sensitivity (slope), and variance of the random effect. Results showed that both ML estimation and BE with flat priors yielded acceptable statistical properties for intercept and slope fixed effects. The ML estimation procedure generally had less bias, lower RMSE, more power, and false‐positive rates closer to the nominal rate. Thus, we recommend ML estimation over BE with uninformative priors, considering our results. The BE procedure requires more informative priors to be used in multilevel modeling of matching behavior, which will require further studies.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractThis study evaluated the extent to which a conjugate reinforcement schedule (CONJ) involving a contingency between pedaling a stationary bike and viewing a preferred movie could serve as a translational preparation for the analysis of automatically reinforced behavior. In part, researchers examined whether providing participants with either an accurate or an inaccurate rule about the extinction (EXT) component of a multiple schedule (MULT) contributed to the development of control by the MULT (CONJ EXT) schedule. Results show schedule control emerged for four of five participants who received the accurate rule and none of the five participants who received the inaccurate rule. In addition, participants who received accurate rules typically increased pedaling during CONJ components that followed two consecutive EXT components, suggesting that they experienced deprivation for audio and visual stimulation generated by pedaling. These preliminary findings suggest that researchers could use this translational preparation to identify matched interventions for some automatically reinforced behavior.

AbstractAlthough response interruption and redirection (RIRD) and multiple schedule arrangements have sometimes been shown to be effective in reducing stereotypy for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), important questions remain about optimal methods for facilitating generalization and social validity. In the current study, we sought to extend the literature on stereotypy treatment and MSAs in several ways. First, we programmed for generalization by conducting sessions with two exemplars of two different categories of activities (i.e., school work, toy play) and assessing generalization with novel exemplars and activities and during the participant's typical instructional program. Second, we used RIRD instructions that were contextual models of appropriate behavior relevant to each activity. Third, during the free access component of the multiple schedule, we used a child's play tent as a first step toward teaching participants to engage in stereotypy during private free time. For all three participants with ASD, stereotypy decreased quickly and substantially, with reductions generalizing to novel activities and contexts. An extensive social validity assessment with board‐certified behavior analysts indicated high social acceptability of the goals, procedures, and outcomes.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.