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AbstractRewards lose value as a function of delay. Previous studies suggest that delays have a bigger effect on reward value when people must wait during the delay. However, whether delays involve waiting or postponing has often been confounded with whether choices are about hypothetical or real rewards. The current study characterized the effects of waiting and postponing in hypothetical and experiential choice contexts separately. In Experiment 1 we observed steeper delay discounting for waiting than for postponing in choices about both hypothetical money and about experienced computer game points. Two factors potentially contributing to steeper discounting in choices about waiting are reduced access to other rewards and direct costs of waiting. In Experiment 2, we adapted the experiential delay‐discounting task to manipulate each factor separately. Reduced access to other reinforcers had a bigger effect on delay discounting than direct costs of waiting. These results underscore the importance of considering the unique influence of waiting and associated opportunity costs in both basic delay‐discounting research and in applied contexts.

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AbstractFomite‐mediated self‐infection via face touching is an understudied transmission pathway for infectious diseases. We evaluated the effect of computer‐mediated vibrotactile cues (presented through experimental bracelets located on one or both hands of the participant) on the frequency of face touching among eight healthy adults in the community. We conducted a treatment evaluation totaling over 25,000 min of video observation. The treatment was evaluated through a multiple‐treatment design and hierarchical linear modeling. The one‐bracelet intervention did not produce significantly lower levels of face touching across both hands, whereas the two‐bracelet intervention did result in significantly lower face touching. The effect increased over repeated presentations of the two‐bracelet intervention, with the second implementation producing, on average, 31 fewer face‐touching percentual points relative to baseline levels. Dependent on the dynamics of fomite‐mediated self‐infection via face touching, treatment effects could be of public health significance. The implications for research and practice are discussed.

AbstractProblematic social media use can be characterized as that which interferes with relationships, work, school, or sleep. Currently, there are no empirically supported treatments for reducing problematic social media use. We tested a package intervention to reduce the daily duration of social media use measured by a smartphone application with nine undergraduate students who scored as “addicted” to social media via a version of the Internet Addiction Test. The package intervention included contingency management, automated notifications of application use, and the selection of alternative activities. The package intervention was effective at reducing the daily duration of social media use to goal levels, or below, for all participants. Eight out of nine participants showed a decrease in their Internet Addiction Test scores from pre‐ to postintervention, and overall, participants did not show an increase in the time spent engaged in their selected alternative activities. These findings demonstrate that social media use is amenable to behavioral treatment.

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Steinman (1968a) realizó el primer experimento empleando un procedimiento de operante libre para comparar los efectos de entregar reforzadores cualitativamente variados o constantes sobre las presiones a la palanca en ratas. Reportó que los reforzadores variados mantuvieron tasas de respuesta más altas. El hallazgo de Steinman es inconsistente con investigaciones recientes en las que se encontró que los reforzadores constantes generaron tasas de respuestas más altas. En el presente estudio se empleó el método general que reportó Steinman, para determinar si era posible replicar su hallazgo. Se expuso a cuatro ratas a un programa múltiple de tres componentes, durante los cuales se reforzaron las presiones a la palanca conforme a un programa encadenado intervalo variable 45 s - razón fija 1. Durante dos componentes se entregaron reforzadores constantes (comida o sacarosa) y durante el tercer componente reforzadores variados (comida y sacarosa). No se observaron diferencias en las tasas de respuesta durante los componentes. El hallazgo de Steinman no es replicable bajo condiciones diferentes al conjunto específico de variables de su experimento. Se discuten las implicaciones de los fracasos en la replicación en el análisis de la conducta y el uso del reforzamiento variado en ambientes aplicados. Se proponen direcciones para futuras investigaciones.

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