Indexador

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractThe rate of delay discounting exhibited by individuals has been experimentally altered by manipulating the way in which time is described, a specific application of the framing effect. Previous research suggests that using specific dates to describe delays tends to lower temporal discounting and change the shape of the discounting function. The main purpose of this study was to assess the influence of framing on discounting in different temporal contexts. Participants chose between hypothetical monetary gains (gains group), or between hypothetical monetary losses (losses group). Each group completed eight discounting tasks over two sessions (two choice tasks [SmallNow/SmallSoon] by two time frames [dates/calendar units] by two magnitudes. The results indicate that Mazur's model adequately described the observed discounting functions in most conditions. However, the decrease in discounting rate when both consequences were delayed only occurred when calendar units (but not dates) were used for both gains and losses. These findings suggest that framing affects the influence of a shared delay instead of changing the shape of the discounting function. Our results support the idea that time influences behavior similarly in humans and nonhumans when they choose between two delayed consequences.

O objetivo desse estudo foi verificar os efeitos do envelhecimento sobre a variabilidade comportamental. Ratos jovens (4 meses) e idosos (20 meses) receberam sacarose (20%) contingente à emissão de sequências de quatro respostas de pressão a duas barras. Metade dos animais foi exposta às contingências Lag 0 - VAR - ACO - VAR - EXT e metade a Lag 0 - REP - ACO - REP - EXT. Os resultados mostraram que os ratos jovens apresentaram maior variabilidade “espontânea” sob Lag 0 e ACO, porém se equipararam aos idosos nas condições em que variar ou repetir produzia reforço. Portanto, a idade não interferiu na aprendizagem e manutenção da variabilidade e repetição operantes. A extinção gerou altos índices de variação, especialmente nos animais anteriormente submetidos à REP. Discute-se a influência da atividade motora mais elevada nos jovens e a preferência por respostas de menor “custo físico” pelos idosos na determinação das diferenças de variabilidade comportamental em função da idade. Destacase que tais diferenças foram praticamente abolidas quando o reforço foi contingente a padrões específicos de variação. Esses dados sugerem que algumas das diferenças comportamentais atribuídas ao envelhecimento podem ser decorrentes das diferentes contingências de reforçamento disponíveis a ambos os grupos.

La reconstrucción de la historia natural de los fenómenos psicológicos comprende la identificación de los usos de los términos y expresiones que eventualmente se refieren a ellos, con el fin de encontrar regularidades en dichos usos. En ese contexto, el objetivo de este trabajo es explorar variaciones temporales en el significado de algunos términos referidos a procesos psicológicos, con el fin de analizar su devenir en nuestra lengua y ofrecer un análisis crítico sobre la conveniencia de configurar la geografía lógica disciplinar con base en ellos. Para lograr este objetivo realizamos una revisión del origen, uso y cambio en el uso de los términos: emoción, motivación, sensación, percepción, atención, comprensión, aprendizaje, inteligencia, memoria y pensamiento. A partir de este análisis, es posible advertir tres elementos críticos en el establecimiento de un sistema conceptual para abordar el objeto analítico de la psicología, a saber: la extensión metafórica de los términos, su reificación y la proximidad semántica entre ellos. Se concluye que estas condiciones no permiten una delimitación e identificación precisa de fenómenos o procesos distintos como objetos analíticos diferenciados y que por tanto no es útil para referirse a los procesos psicológicos.

AbstractProcedural arrangements of differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction often involve presenting the same reinforcers for problem behavior and appropriate behavior, which is typically ineffective at reducing problem behavior and increasing an alternative response. However, manipulating reinforcement dimensions such that the contingencies favor the alternative response may improve treatment outcomes when using differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction by increasing appropriate behavior and reducing problem behavior. We conducted this translational study with 32 college students completing a button‐pressing task on a computer program in which they could engage in analogs to problem behavior and appropriate behavior. The effects of manipulating magnitude, immediacy, quality, and a combination of all three dimensions for the alternative response were evaluated. Overall, all dimension manipulations reduced the analog to problem behavior, with the largest reductions observed during the quality probe and the probe with all dimensions combined. These results support the notion that differential reinforcement of alternative behavior without extinction can be an effective form of treatment.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractRelational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory are two behavior‐analytic perspectives on human language and cognition. Despite sharing reliance on Skinner's analysis of verbal behavior, relational frame theory and verbal behavior development theory have largely been developed independently, with initial applications in clinical psychology and education/development, respectively. The overarching goal of the current paper is to provide an overview of both theories and explore points of contact that have been highlighted by conceptual developments in both fields. Verbal behavior development theory research has identified how behavioral developmental cusps make it possible for children to learn language incidentally. Recent developments in relational frame theory have outlined the dynamic variables involved across the levels and dimensions of arbitrarily applicable relational responding, and we argue for the concept of mutually entailed orienting as an act of human cooperation that drives arbitrarily applicable relational responding. Together these theories address early language development and children's incidental learning of names. We present broad similarities between the two approaches in the types of functional analyses they generate and discuss areas for future research.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.