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O estudo teve como objetivo treinar participantes a identificar os valores de carboidratos de diversos alimentos e avaliar o efeito desse treino ao longo de um período de três semanas. Vinte e sete participantes foram distribuídos em três grupos diferentes. Os Grupos 1 e 2 tinham como meta estabelecer classes de três membros, enquanto o Grupo 3 tinha como meta estabelecer classes de cinco membros. Inicialmente, os participantes pré- -classificaram cartões rotulados com itens alimentares em categorias baseadas na quantidade de carboidratos: “menos de 20”, “20–40” e “mais de 40” gramas por 100 gramas. Além disso, os participantes dos Grupos 2 e 3 puderam classificar itens na categoria “não sei”. Todos os itens classificados incorretamente foram identificados e personalizados para cada participante. Assim, os estímulos personalizados — ou seja, os estímulos classificados incorretamente — foram utilizados no treino de discriminação condicional do tipo muitos-para-um. A manutenção das categorias aprendidas foi testada após uma semana. Os participantes que não atingiram o critério de domínio receberam treinamento e testagem adicionais. Um segundo teste de manutenção foi conduzido após três semanas. Ambos os testes incluíram provas de formação de classes de equivalência em procedimento MTS (matching to sample) e em formato de classificação. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos participantes respondeu corretamente em ambos os formatos de teste. A maior parte dos participantes manteve as classes de equivalência em todos os grupos ao longo do período de três semanas.

Abstract Matching‐to‐sample (MTS) procedures are commonly employed to study learning and behavior, but they have rarely been used with dogs. One MTS procedure that might have applied and experimental value is an odor–visual matching procedure in which selection of a specific visual stimulus is reinforced following exposure to a specific odor. We evaluated such a procedure using an automated odor delivery apparatus and touchscreen apparatus for selection of arbitrary shapes. In Experiment 1, four dogs performed with above‐chance accuracy when working with two odors, but only one dog met criteria to progress to training with a third odor. With the goal of improving performance, Experiment 2 involved the same procedures but added an error‐correction procedure and an errorless‐learning procedure. The errorless‐learning procedure may have been counterproductive, as dogs performed with chance accuracy in the MTS task and failed to complete all steps of the errorless‐learning procedure. In Experiment 3, we evaluated dogs' ability to perform a visual–visual matching task based closely on the procedures used in Experiment 2. This investigation produced similar findings, but two of four dogs performed with above‐chance accuracy, suggesting that visual–visual matching may be established more readily than odor–visual matching.

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Abstract B.F. Skinner’s Walden Two (1948) and Peter Kropotkin’s The Conquest of Bread (1892/2007) both describe communal ways of living that are distinct from modern capitalist society and suggest an alternative: a more just community which would improve people’s lives. Skinner, a successful scientist and public intellectual, wrote Walden Two’s small community as informed by experimentation and the principles of behavior. In contrast, Kropotkin, a twice-jailed revolutionary born into a royal family, described his vision for worldwide anarchism after a social revolution. Despite these differences, we find significant parallels in how the two texts contend with authority and hierarchy, democracy, organization of labor, and the role of the arts and sciences. As we work to extend our clinical successes, exploring these connections and the shared ideals between radical behaviorism and anarchist thought can help us imagine ways to shape a brighter future for all, resist present threats toward global authoritarianism, guiding our work toward the design of culture (Skinner, 1953).

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Abstract The use of single-case experimental designs (SCEDs) for assessing intervention effectiveness in educational sciences and related fields has risen sharply in recent years. With it, the number of available visual and statistical analysis methods has spiked as well. The application and interpretation of results obtained via these methods might, however, be affected in different degrees by the presence of serial dependency in SCED data. The effect that serial dependency has on the application of statistical methods to SCED data might vary depending on the exact method used. In addition, the amount of serial dependency in SCED data might depend on design and measurement choices. However, to date, no concise answer has been found about the extent of serial dependency and its moderators in SCED data. In the present commentary, we give an overview of the state of the art on serial dependency research in SCEDs, argue that serial dependency should be routinely assessed when reporting the results of SCEDs, and sketch an agenda for serial dependency research. Addressing serial dependency can be facilitated by the inclusion of serial dependency as a data feature in standard reporting tools, which will ultimately lead to improved open science practices in the SCED community.

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Abstract Brazilian research has played an important role in the study of Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding (AARRing) through the implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP)—a method derived directly from Relational Frame Theory (RFT). This study aims to systematically review the empirical literature that employs the IRAP in investigations of AARRing involving Brazilian samples. The goals are to (1) quantify the studies published in each journal; (2) identify the aims of the studies; (3) identify the sample size ( N ) and the type and the age of the participants involved in each study; (4) describe the stimuli used (i.e., label, target, and response options); (5) describe the methodological parameters (i.e., latency and accuracy criteria, number of block tests, and trials per block); (6) verify whether the IRAP is used in conjunction with other tools; (7) identify the themes investigated and their relevant findings; and (8) identify the values of differential trial-type effects. The review followed the PRISMA protocol. Searchers were conducted in three Brazilian and five international journals. Results showed 25 studies published from 2012 to 2024, covering 13 years of research. The findings indicate that the IRAP has been used both in a correlational sense with other tools and as a functional-analytic tool, with the latter aligning with broader developments in RFT, namely the Differential Arbitrarily Applicable Relational Responding Effects (DAARRE) model. Limitations and future directions for the IRAP as a functional-analytic tool that meets the goals of prediction-and-influence are also discussed.

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Este artigo reavalia About Behaviorism, de B. F. Skinner, em seus contextos político e epistemológico. Inicialmente, examinamos como o clima político dos Estados Unidos nas décadas de 1960 e 1970, incluindo os movimentos por direitos civis e as tensões da Guerra Fria, contribuiu para associar o comportamentalismo ao autoritarismo e intensificou as críti­cas às ideias de Skinner. Em seguida, analisamos a ascensão do cognitivismo, em um cenário de defesa da noção de “mentalidade aberta” como ideal científico e cultural. Ao promover a flexibilidade conceitual e interdisciplinaridade como paradigmas da mente humana, esse ideal acabou por enfraquecer compromissos filosóficos explícitos. Sustentamos, alternativa­mente, uma crítica à mentalidade aberta como ideal, sem, no entanto, endossar uma postura fechada ou dogmática. Discutimos a atualidade desse diagnóstico, tanto no plano político quanto epistemológico, e destacamos a persistência de retóricas de abertura que despolitizam debates científicos e esvaziam identidades conceituais. Por fim, ressaltamos que a Análise do Comportamento desenvolvida no Brasil ainda é um campo fértil para delinear uma outra mentalidade, plural, crítica e filosoficamente compromissada, conforme sugerem os artigos reunidos neste volume especial.