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Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o conceito de contracontrole na Análise do Comportamento. Para isso foi realizada uma busca através dos termos “contracontrol*” ou “countercontrol*”, em: a) artigos nas bases de dados Medline, BVSpsi, Embase, Psycinfo, Scopos e Web of Science; b) artigos em revistas analítico-comportamentais e; c) em publicações com temas sociais de autores reconhecidos da Análise do Comportamento. Foram incluídas 110 publicações entre livros, tese e artigos em periódicos e jornais não-acadêmicos. Os parágrafos que continham a palavra contracontrole foram selecionados e analisados considerando: a definição do conceito utilizada, os possíveis antecedentes e consequências e, ainda, estratégias para melhorar a efetividade do contracontrole. Foram identificados 636 parágrafos. O contracontrole foi utilizado para descrever respostas antecedidas por controle aversivo e/ou exploratório e consequenciadas pela prevenção, eliminação ou atenuação deste controle, ou a punição do comportamento dos controladores e mudanças nas técnicas de controle. Assim, a partir do que foi sintetizado, propõe-se novos diálogos entre Análise do Comportamento e as ciências políticas e avanços na produção de conhecimento sobre contracontrole. Palavras-chave: contracontrole; análise conceitual; controle aversivo; sociedade.

Abstract The effects of the magnitude of reinforcement on the resistance to change of humans engaged in a computer task were examined in two experiments. In each, responding was disrupted by increasing the force requirement of the required response. In Experiment 1, the participants were exposed to a multiple variable‐interval (VI) VI schedule of reinforcement. Responses meeting the VI requirement resulted in the addition of a monetary value to the computer screen. At the end of each session, the monetary value was exchanged for real money. In Experiment 2, snacks or money provided at the time earned were the reinforcers. There was no differential resistance to change as a function of reinforcer magnitude in either experiment. These findings led to Experiment 3, in which the participants from Experiment 2 were exposed to schedules arranging different reinforcement rates using as reinforcers snacks, money at the time it was earned, and points exchangeable for money at the session's end. There was greater resistance to change in the VI component with a higher reinforcement rate. The results are discussed in relation to the varied effects of reinforcer magnitude on both response rates and resistance to change.

AbstractProblems related to “self‐control” can occur in situations in which a single choice produces both reinforcing and aversive consequences. We exposed rats to choice situations in which a press on one lever produced only food and a press on a second lever produced food and delayed shock. Within and across conditions of four experiments, adjusting‐delay procedures were used to identify indifference points—delays at which the consequences produced by the two levers exerted equal control over choice. Experiment 1 investigated the effects of intensity and duration of delayed shock on choice between a small food reinforcer or a large food reinforcer followed by delayed shock. Experiment 3 investigated the effects of shock's delay on choice between food delivered immediately and followed by delayed shock or food delivered after a delay. Experiments 2 and 4 investigated the effects of signaling the delayed shock in Experiments 1 and 3, respectively. The effects of delayed shock on choice were a direct function of shock intensity and shock duration and an inverse function of shock's delay. Signals did not affect choice systematically. The results extend findings from research on the punishment of operant behavior and on the temporal discounting of reinforcing and punishing events.

The present paper reviews the advances achieved by studying “food accumulation” with a parametric approach. To this end, studies on food accumulation that investigated the effect of three parameters (delay of reinforcement, temporal distribution of trials, and magnitude of reinforcement) are described. These studies showed that the amount of food accumulated increases by lengthening the delay of reinforcement, and that such effect is more marked as the trials are spaced. Besides, it was found that the effect of the delay on food accumulation depends on the magnitude of reinforcement employed: with high magnitudes, lengthening the delay has an increasing effect; with low magnitudes, the typical decreasing effect of the delay of reinforcement is replicated. These findings show that the studies on food accumulation are simply a case of a study on delay of reinforcement with a high magnitude of reinforcement. Some implications from the findings obtained by studying food accumulation with a parametric approach are raised for the established knowledge on the effect of the delay of reinforcement, the temporal distribution of trials, and the magnitude of reinforcement.

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