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Abstract Research in behavioral economics and the experimental analysis of behavior have involved concurrent progressive ratios (PRs) to examine relative reinforcing efficacy and response allocation between competing alternatives. Despite their ubiquity in the literature, PRs are limited by a lack of generality outside the lab. Duration‐based schedules of reinforcement, particularly progressive durations (PDs), may address such limitations. Previous research has identified several similarities between PRs and PDs, but there are no examples of concurrent PDs in the basic literature, limiting their integration within behavioral economics. The present study sought to develop a novel concurrent PD schedule and compare outcomes to a concurrent PR arrangement across several dimensions. The results showed similarities in post‐reinforcement pause and differences in breakpoint variability and reinforcers earned. A unit price analysis of switchover patterns revealed differences in predictive fit between concurrent PRs and concurrent PDs.

AbstractA nasal swab test is commonly used to detect the presence of respiratory viruses, such as SARS‐COV2 or influenza. Some individuals with autism spectrum disorder may display challenging behavior during these types of tests, which may interfere with safe and successful test completion. Research has shown that differential reinforcement without escape extinction combined with stimulus fading can be effective to increase cooperation with other types of medical tasks (e.g., blood draws). The purpose of the current study was to systematically replicate the procedures described in Stuesser and Roscoe (2020) to increase cooperation with nasal swab tests with five participants with autism spectrum disorder in a group‐home setting in the context of an urgent global pandemic. Differential reinforcement was effective for one participant, and the addition of stimulus fading was effective for the remaining four participants. All five participants continued to cooperate with the nasal swab test during follow‐up probes.

Abstract Two experiments examined pigeons' discounting of probabilistic food reinforcers using a concurrent‐chains procedure within sessions combined with an adjusting‐amount procedure across sessions. The study is the first to evaluate probability discounting functions in nonhuman animals in which the obtained probability equaled that programmed in each session. In Experiment 1, pigeons chose between a smaller, certain and a larger, but probabilistic food reinforcer. In Experiment 2, the probabilities of receiving both reinforcement options were reduced by a common factor, creating a choice situation in which both options were probabilistic: a smaller, more probable reinforcer and a larger, but less probable reinforcer. Results revealed that regardless of whether choices involved a certain versus a probabilistic reinforcer or they involved two probabilistic reinforcers, subjective value decreased systematically as a function of the odds against receipt of the reinforcer and that the data were well described by the hyperboloid discounting function. In addition, no significant effect of reinforcer amount on degree of probability discounting was observed, consistent with results from studies of the discounting of delayed reinforcers by nonhuman animals.

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Abstract Research with nonhumans and human children has questioned the notion of the strengthening properties of reinforcers when choices are controlled by what reinforcers signal about upcoming events. We extended this work by developing and evaluating an automated task to evaluate the discriminative versus strengthening effects of reinforcers with two children of typical development (Experiment 1) and 18 university students (Experiments 2 and 3). Participants responded by touching one of two concurrently available images on a touchscreen. Across conditions, the probability that the next reinforcer would be delivered at the same location as the immediately preceding reinforced response varied with probabilities of .10 (switch), .50 (control), and .90 (stay). Both children and students responded according to the arranged reinforcer probabilities of the next reinforcer instead of where the most recent reinforcer had been delivered. The present findings add to the body of work suggesting that reinforcers serve a discriminative function, and we use a quantitative model of reinforcer misallocation to account for choices being imperfectly controlled by contingencies.

AbstractResurgence refers to the recurrence of a previously reduced or eliminated operant following the worsening of reinforcement conditions for an alternative behavior. The contextual account of resurgence posits that the discriminative properties of reinforcers modulate this relapse. Evidence supporting the contextual account of resurgence stems from translational laboratory investigations with nonhuman subjects. The purpose of the current study was to further translate this work using a human‐operant preparation with a young boy with autism and intellectual disability across three experiments. Experiment 1 was conducted according to a conventional three‐phase resurgence preparation. In Experiment 2, the reinforcer (O2) that maintained the alternative response (R2) in Phase 2 was delivered noncontingently in Phase 3. Finally, in Experiment 3 the reinforcer (O1) that maintained the target response (R1) in Phase 1 was delivered noncontingently in Phase 3. Although both O1 and O2 mitigated resurgence relative to extinction alone, the magnitude of resurgence was slightly higher with O2 deliveries. Our results are generally consistent with the contextual account of resurgence. The influence of a differential‐reinforcement‐of‐other‐behavior contingency in Phase 3 and other procedural aspects of this study are discussed, as are applied implications for reducing relapse in behavioral treatments.

A Terapia de Aceitação e Compromisso (ACT) visa promover flexibilidade psicológica por meio de processos clínicos experienciáveis e baseados em valores. Este estudo qualitativo e exploratório, de delineamento transversal, investigou as percepções de psicólogos clínicos brasileiros atuantes com ACT sobre aderência e competência terapêutica. Participaram 27 terapeutas de diferentes regiões do país, com idade entre 25 e 53 anos, majoritariamente mulheres, com mais de cinco anos de atuação profissional. A coleta foi realizada por meio de Grupos Focais Online (GFOs), utilizando um roteiro semiestruturado, e os dados foram analisados segundo a análise temática. Os participantes relataram identificação com os princípios da ACT, ressaltando a relação terapêutica como eixo norteador do processo clínico e a postura do terapeuta como ferramenta fundamental. Além disso, evidenciaram a importância da formação prática, da supervisão contínua e da participação em treinamentos vivenciais como caminhos para a consolidação da competência clínica. Aproximadamente 74% já haviam passado por supervisão em ACT, e 80% consideravam-se terapeutas da abordagem. Os achados reforçam a relevância do investimento em formação baseada na experiência vivencial dos processos da ACT, além de apontarem para a necessidade de maior sistematização da avaliação da competência clínica no Brasil. Este estudo contribui para a compreensão do desenvolvimento profissional de terapeutas ACT em contexto nacional, revelando lacunas e potencialidades para futuras investigações e aprimoramento da prática.

This manuscript argues that dissociative identity disorder (DID) can be thought of as a label for specific behavior changes, and behaviors of this disorder are likely controlled by social contingencies of positive and negative reinforcement. The evolution of the relevant concept of multiple personality disorder, now referred to as dissociative identity disorder, through various editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the DSM) is reviewed. This manuscript proposes that DID primarily consists of changes in the verbal behaviors of tacting, intraverbals, and the prosody of speech, which resembles a descriptive autoclitic. In addition, this paper reviews the two competing models of the behaviors given the diagnostic label of dissociative identity disorder, the Post-Trauma Model (PTM) and the Social-Cognitive Model (SCM). A review of published treatments that employed behavioral methods is discussed, as well as recommendations for the means to conceptualize disorders such as DID better.

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