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Abstract The present study examined pigeons' token accumulation and food reinforcer demand within a token economy using a behavioral economic approach. Six pigeons were exposed to a token reinforcement procedure, in which responses on a token‐production key produced tokens. When at least one token was earned, an exchange‐production key became simultaneously available, and at this juncture, pigeons chose between earning tokens or producing the exchange period during which accumulated tokens could be exchanged for food reinforcers. Token accumulation was examined as a function of five economically relevant experimental variables: the token‐production ratio (labor productivity), exchange‐production ratio (transaction costs), token‐exchange price, the number of free tokens (nonlabor income), and token‐reinforcement magnitude (wage). Results revealed that token accumulation varied systematically with the token‐production ratio, the exchange‐production ratio, and token‐reinforcement magnitude but was less affected by the token‐exchange price and the number of free tokens. In addition, consistent with behavioral economic models of demand, overall food consumption decreased consistently under higher response costs regardless of whether the costs were defined in terms of tokens, exchange periods, or food. Collectively, these findings show how token reinforcement systems apply to everyday economic behaviors such as saving, spending, and demand, providing a bridge between reinforcement theory and behavioral economics.

Abstract Variables affecting scheduled‐induced drinking (SID) have been widely studied. Previous experience with other food schedules can slow or prevent acquisition of SID, and its rate can decrease once it has developed if the conditions of the experimental sessions change. These findings conform to the idea that the distribution of behaviors during interreinforcement intervals depends on the occurrence of other behaviors. The goal here was to investigate the effect of interrupting access to water on the subsequent maintenance of SID when access to water was restored. First, in Phase A, rats developed SID under three different fixed‐interval (FI) schedules. Then, in Phase B, access to water was removed in the conditioning chambers while food continued to be delivered under the same schedules. Last, when access to water was restored, rats that continued under the food‐reinforcement schedule showed lower levels of SID than subjects that remained in their home cages throughout Phase B. Competition between licking and lever pressing was observed, particularly during short FI schedules. These data expand previous findings on behavioral history effects on SID and suggest that SID is part of behavioral patterns developed during interreinforcement intervals in which distribution of behaviors depends on occurrence of all other behaviors.

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Abstract Qualitative research is a common methodology used in fields such as education and medicine, but it is less common in behavior analysis. To explore the current use of qualitative approaches in behavior analysis, we conducted a scoping review aligned with recommendations from Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Levac et al. (2010) across eight influential behavior-analytic journals to answer the research question: What are the characteristics of qualitative research in behavior-analytic journals? The search and screening resulted in 38 articles meeting the inclusion criteria across five of the eight journals. Data were charted and presented across basic publication metrics, qualitative approaches, study aims, and population or data source information. Most of the included articles were published in Behavior Analysis in Practice , utilized multiple methods, involved interviews with caregivers of individuals with disabilities or professionals in applied behavior analysis, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. Recommendations and resources for future qualitative research in behavior analysis are presented.