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O uso de drogas é um comportamento operante e, quando aumenta em frequência, pode produzir consequências aversivas para o usuário. Pesquisas indicaram a ocorrência de reforçamento não contingente (RNC) mediado socialmente na história de usuários de risco. O comportamento é controlado somente por variáveis presentes. Quando há suspeita de uma variável ocorrida no passado ter relação com o aumento na frequência de determinadas respostas (no caso, RNC e uso de drogas, respectivamente), é necessário explicar quais são os efeitos que se iniciaram no passado e perduraram até que pudessem exercer influência sobre aquelas repostas. Os objetivos do presente artigo são descrever a) os possíveis efeitos do RNC no repertório humano e b) como os efeitos podem aumentar a probabilidade do uso de substâncias. Dentre os efeitos do RNC, destacam-se: responsabilizar terceiros por produzir reforçadores positivos e eliminar estímulos aversivos; repertório sensorial; baixa tolerância à frustração; déficit de comportamentos sob governo de regras; déficit para evitar consequências aversivas sociais; déficit no repertório de autoconhecimento; e autoestima incoerente. Espera-se ampliar o controle de estímulos sobre o repertório de pesquisadores e clínicos de possíveis aspectos relevantes (não únicos) da história e do repertório de usuários.

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Abstract From the standpoint of sociopsychology, we attempt to isolate those aspects of human rights that are distinctly sociopsychological in nature, to later identify them as interindividual segments of social system dynamics. In social perspective, human rights may be viewed as social events and, in a sociopsychological perspective, all social events are conceptualized as social formations of interacting contingencies. Such social formations are constituted of interindividual relations set in a complex of institutional practices. The interindividual relation is conceptualized as a set of contingencies directly affecting individual behavior and has three dimensions: exchange, power, and sanction. Institutions are conceptualized as sociohistorical circumstances having their origins as informal or formal practices. Human rights are addressed in terms of interindividual dimensions and institutional practices constituting specific social formations.

Abstract A recent survey of the evidence on associative symmetry in humans revealed that nearly all the demonstrations either unintentionally trained backward stimulus pairings and/or had a temporal overlap between the stimuli being trained. We consider these criticisms and improve on our own method of “associative networks.” In this method, participants learn multiple stimulus pairings via arbitrary matching‐to‐sample tasks in which the stimuli are concurrently presented as sample and comparison stimuli. In Experiment 1, human participants learned a bidirectional network (in which symmetry was synergistic) and a unidirectional network (in which symmetry was antagonistic) or two unidirectional networks (removing explicit reinforcement of backward stimulus pairings). In Experiment 2, participants learned two unidirectional networks; however, we removed the temporal overlap between sample and comparison stimuli by imposing a 1‐s delay between them. Both experiments showed robust evidence of symmetry, suggesting that the expression of symmetry in humans survives the most common confounds in published research.

Abstract Although applied behavior analysis (ABA) is regarded as providing the gold standard for interventions designed to meet the needs of autistic individuals in the United States, elsewhere this is not the case. In Northern Ireland, for example, successive governments have portrayed ABA simply as one of a number of commercially available interventions for autism. In this article, I argue that this view arises directly from the practice of behavior analysts who have courted the development of branded versions of ABA at the expense of promoting ABA directly. Because clinicians who advise government ministers are not trained in ABA, it is understandable that a discrimination issue arises whereby ministers are then encouraged not to invest in only “one of the commercially available interventions.” To address this problem, the article ends with a suggestion in how a specially designed ethical code of practice might hold behavior analysts accountable for the discrimination problems that could arise as a consequence of their actions in countries struggling to promote the uptake of ABA.

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AbstractComparative psychologists have been criticized for using a limited number of species in drawing general conclusions about broad behavioral processes. There are numerous examples, however, of the inclusion by behavior analysts of atypical subjects in their research. To examine the frequency and diversity in subject species used in the experimental analysis of behavior (EAB), JEAB publications between 1958 and 2023 were reviewed for their use of subjects other than pigeons, rats, humans, and nonhuman primates. Two hundred and twenty‐one occurrences of these atypical subjects were found across 204 articles, with 65 distinct species across both vertebrate and invertebrate taxa. The highest spikes in the frequency of atypical subject use occurred in the earliest and latest JEAB issues. The results are discussed in terms of the reasons for using diverse species, trends in use over time, and how EAB might benefit from continued, or even increased, diversification in the species used in its research.

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