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Abstract Pigeons (Columba livia) have played a central role as subjects in the experimental analysis of behavior since the 1940s. This review considers the use of pigeons by humans across several domains: (1) their early use as a domesticated species and in early psychology laboratory experiments; (2) their rise, and recent decline relative to the use of other species, as a subject in behavior-analytic research published in the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior; and (3) their influence in research extending beyond behavior analysis. In addition, in the latter two sections, quantitative data are presented to document the frequency of use of laboratory pigeons and their impact outside of the lab, respectively. The review concludes with observations on both the past and future of the pigeon as a subject for the experimental analysis of behavior.

Abstract This study investigates the mechanisms that underlie pigeons' performance in the number‐left task. After producing x light flashes, pigeons had to choose between a standard option that delivered reinforcement after a fixed number of additional flashes, S = 4, and a number‐left option that delivered reinforcement after a variable number of additional flashes, L = 8 − x . In Experiment 1, pigeons were trained with forced and choice trials with 1 ≤ x ≤ 7. During testing, the number of choice trials was simply increased. In Experiment 2, pigeons were trained only with the anchor numerosities x = 1 and x = 7 and during testing unreinforced probe trials introduced the intermediate numerosities, x = 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. Performance was similar in both experiments and consistent with a computational mechanism. To test whether performance in the previous experiments was due to the substantial overlap in the induced generalization gradients around the anchor numerosities, in Experiments 3a and 3b, we selected anchor numerosities that were farther apart ( x = 5 and x = 50, with S = 12 and L = 53 − x ). Yet, pigeons' performance remained similar. We discuss the implications of these findings for the mechanisms that underlie numerosity discrimination.

O isolamento social, como o requerido pela pandemia de Covid-19, apesar de imprescindível, pode representar a inclusão de estressores na vida. Diante de tais estresso­res que podem desencadear psicopatologias, a flexibilidade psicológica tem sido apontada como um fator de proteção. Dessa forma, no presente trabalho avaliou-se a flexibilidade psicológica, estresse, depressão, ansiedade e impacto do evento em uma amostra por conve­niência de 334 brasileiros. Foram utilizados: questionário sociodemográfico, Questionário de Aceitação e Ação II (AAQ-II), Questionário de Valores de Vida (VLQ), Questionário de Fusão Cognitiva (CFQ-7), Escala de Depressão, Ansiedade e Estresse (DASS-21) e Escala do Impacto do Evento (IES-R). Mulheres representaram 73,05% da amostra e 81,74% não relata­ram diagnóstico psicológico. Participantes com diagnóstico e mulheres apresentaram maiores estresse, depressão, ansiedade e impacto psicológico. Houve correlação positiva entre: CFQ-7 e estresse, ansiedade, depressão e impacto psicológico; e entre AAQII e estresse, depressão, ansiedade e impacto psicológico. Na análise de regressão, a fusão cognitiva e a preocupação explicaram 39% do impacto psicológico, porém a fusão cognitiva foi mais poderosa, com coeficiente de regressão de 0,93.

AbstractPolydrug abuse is the persistent self‐administration of more than one reinforcing drug. The present study provided rhesus monkeys concurrent access to two drugs: 8% alcohol and solutions of either cocaine or methadone. The liquids were available under concurrent nonindependent fixed‐ratio (FR) schedules across increasing and then decreasing ratio sizes. These schedules generate high rates of changeover responses and yield a dependent variable of responses per delivery that is not rigidly tied to the ratio‐schedule value. The programmed schedule size was equal for both liquids and increased in the sequence 8, 16, 32, and so on until responding decreased, whereupon the schedule size was decreased in reversed order to the original steps. Eight percent alcohol was strongly preferred at the nonindependent FR 8 FR 8 baseline. As schedule size increased, intake of the 8% alcohol solution decreased and intake of the alternative liquid increased. Consumption of the alternative liquid generally remained elevated over initial values when schedule size decreased. The data can be analyzed in several ways, including consumption as a function of price (behavioral economics) and log of relative response rates as a function of log of relative deliveries (matching), thereby providing an interface between behavioral economics and matching analyses.

Na cultura ocidental contemporânea, os processos de socialização masculina tendem a promover um modelo normativo que estabelece hierarquias de valor e autoridade entre homens, reforçando relações assimétricas de poder, na medida em que legitima diferentes formas de violências. Embora proporcione acesso a determinados privilégios sociais e simbólicos, comportar-se de acordo com o modelo hegemônico de masculinidade também acarreta consequências psicológicas e sociais adversas para os próprios homens. A supressão sistemática de respostas emocionais vulneráveis e a dificuldade no estabelecimento de relações íntimas constituem algumas dessas consequências diretamente observáveis. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho procurou descrever o impacto das normas de masculinidade na construção de vínculos íntimos e suas possíveis consequências para a saúde mental dos homens. Com base em uma perspectiva comportamental-contextual, delimitamos o conceito de masculinidade e descrevemos funcionalmente a intimidade em relacionamentos sociais. Ao propor uma compreensão teórica inicial do fenômeno, espera-se que este trabalho contribua para a direção de novas pesquisas e a promoção de diferentes maneiras de vivenciar a masculinidade.

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In this 5-year prospective study, we identified practice, school, and district variables predicting sustained implementation of positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS), a widely implemented framework for improving social, emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes. Uniquely, the study captured implementation before and after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Personnel from 595 schools across 22 U.S. states completed a validated measure of implementation strategies during the 2018–2019 school year. Analyses included a multilevel logistic regression of school and district fidelity of implementation data, as well as school characteristics and district PBIS data. Results showed that most schools had sustained implementation after 5 years, and adequate fidelity of implementation and better team use of data for decision-making in Year 1 were the strongest predictors of sustained implementation in the 2022–2023 school year. School grade levels served and school locale were also predictive of sustained implementation. We discuss implications for how teams can improve sustained implementation of evidence-based practices through massive school disruptions.