Indexador

A análise do comportamento verbal feita por Skinner abordou principalmente o comportamento do falante. Em 1996 a Teoria da Nomeação de Horne e Lowe inaugurou um campo de pesquisas sobre comportamento verbal, cujo epicentro tem sido a descrição das contingências necessárias para a integração dos repertórios de ouvinte e de falante em um mesmo indivíduo, o que constitui a Nomeação Bidirecional (do inglês Bidirectional Naming ou BiN). Desenvolvidos os comportamentos pré-requisitos para que as crianças aprendam a se comportar como ouvintes, principalmente a partir da imitação dos seus cuidadores, e como falantes, ecoando a fala dos cuidadores e aprendendo a tatear os objetos/eventos ao seu redor, a integração destes comportamentos se dará conforme as crianças tenham oportunidades de se comportarem como ouvintes de si mesmas, em ambientes ricos em reforçadores fornecidos pela comunidade verbal. A BiN também pode ser induzida experimentalmente, por meio de procedimentos que simulam situações naturais, como o Ensino por Múltiplos Exemplares, que fornece diversas oportunidades para que aprendizes intercalem respostas de ouvinte e de falante sob controle dos mesmos estímulos antecedentes. Estudos que objetivam induzir BiN precisam avaliá-la com testes. Tanto os procedimentos de ensino quanto os de teste são objeto de controvérsias teóricas na literatura sobre quais repertórios estão sendo ensinados diretamente e quais são fruto de aprendizado incidental. Algumas lacunas ainda existentes são o papel dos ecoicos, efeitos da automatização dos procedimentos de ensino e possíveis relações do campo com a Teoria das Molduras Relacionais.Palavras-chave: comportamento verbal, teoria da nomeação, nomeação bidirecional, integração de comportamentos de ouvinte e de falante, aprendizado incidental.

Frequentemente nos deparamos com situações em que observamos o reaparecimento de algum comportamento que há muito tempo não ocorria. O termo “recaída” tem sido utilizado para se referir a esse fenômeno e engloba diversos modelos experimentais. Um dos modelos possíveis é o da ressurgência comportamental, definido como o reaparecimento de uma classe de respostas que foi anteriormente reforçada e que teve a sua probabilidade reduzida, quando as condições de reforçamento para o responder atual são pioradas. A ressurgência tem sido demonstrada em diversas espécies, e os estudos na área têm auxiliado a identificar fatores importantes na recaída de comportamentos problemáticos. O presente artigo apresenta uma introdução ao campo de estudo da ressurgência comportamental, identificando a trajetória histórica da formação do conceito, seus aspectos metodológicos e variáveis de controle, suas principais teorias explicativas e implicações deste campo de estudo para Análise do Comportamento Aplicada. Espera-se que a introdução apresentada contribua na disseminação do tema, introduzindo novos estudantes nessa área que ainda é pouco discutida no âmbito da graduação em psicologia. Compreender a ressurgência ajudará na formação de profissionais que planejem sistematicamente suas práticas de intervenção, considerando a possibilidade de mitigar o reaparecimento de comportamentos problemas e produzir comportamentos adequados. Palavras-chave: reaparecimento, recaída, ressurgência comportamental.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Abstract A growing body of literature supports the use of echoic prompts toward conditioning other functional language skills. However, many individuals with autism spectrum disorder do not emit echoic behavior. Identifying the prerequisite skills of an echoic repertoire may be beneficial for intervention planning and clinical decision making. A chart review was conducted for 118 patients with autism who received early intensive behavioral intervention. We examined the Level 1 scores on the Verbal Behavior Milestones Assessment and Placement Program (Sundberg, 2014) for all patients. Using their scores on the echoic skills subtest as a dependent variable, we ran a binomial logistic regression in which the remaining eight domains, along with age and sex, served as independent variables. Our logistic regression model was statistically significant: X 2 (10) = 109.61, p < .001. The model explained 86.0% of the variance in echoic verbal behavior and correctly classified 95.8% of cases. Patients who demonstrated a mand repertoire were greater than 3.5 times more likely to also exhibit an echoic repertoire. Additionally, vocal play and motor imitation were associated with an increased ability to echo. Using binomial logistic regression, we identified three predictors influencing the echoic behavior of children with autism. Patients who demonstrated these three skills were statistically significantly more likely to echo the vocal verbal behavior of others. Additional research is now needed to confirm a functional relationship between each of these predictors and echoic control.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractResurgence is defined as an increase in a previously extinguished target response (B1) resulting from the worsening of conditions for a more recently reinforced alternative response (B2). Worsening includes extinction or reductions in rate, amount, and immediacy of delivery of food or some other phylogenetically important event (PIE). In the first part of the article, we apply the laws of allocation, induction, and covariance to understand not only resurgence of operant activity previously covarying with the PIE (B1) but also a constellation of ontogenetic and phylogenetic activities both related to the PIE (B0) and unrelated to the PIE (BN). In the second part, we discuss how induction might be incorporated into and provide alternative processes within an existing matching‐based framework, resurgence as choice (RaC). We begin to identify how this range of activities could depend on changes in the relative competitive weight (V) of all available activities (B1, B2, B0, BN) in addition to only those receiving explicit training (B1, B2). Future empirical and theoretical research is needed within this framework to provide a more complete understanding of resurgence and behavior more generally.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractIndividuals seeking certification as a board certified behavior analyst (BCBA) by the Behavior Analyst Certification Board (BACB) must meet certain eligibility requirements. In addition to passing the BCBA examination, such requirements include completion of a master’s degree, behavior-analytic coursework, and supervised practical fieldwork. In accruing fieldwork hours, trainees must be provided with the opportunity to complete unrestricted activities. The BACB defines unrestricted activities as “. . . those that are most likely to be performed by a BCBA,” and requires that 60% of fieldwork hours are comprised of these activities (BACB, 2022b). Fieldwork hours may be accrued across a number of different host sites (e.g., hospital units, schools, community locations), with each host site having different day-to-day responsibilities affecting how these opportunities are provided. Therefore, exploration of the provision of these opportunities and the barriers to providing these opportunities is warranted. The current study sought to determine the current practices involved in provision of opportunities to gain fieldwork experience hours towards BCBA certification; in particular, practices related to unrestricted fieldwork activities. Results indicate that, although unrestricted learning opportunities are often provided to trainees, contingencies present within the day-to-day operations of a clinical environment can be hampering. A discussion of the implications of these barriers and potential solutions are included.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

AbstractPreexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) prevents human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but not other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Men who have sex with men (MSM) who take PrEP tend to report reduced condom use, but little is known about the underlying mechanisms. For this study, MSM who take PrEP (i.e., PrEP experienced; n = 88) and MSM who do not (i.e., PrEP naïve; n = 113) completed an online study, including the condom purchase task (CoPT). The CoPT assesses decisions to purchase condoms across escalating prices (range: free–$55) for sex with different types of hypothetical partners: those least likely to have an STD (least STD) and those that participants most want to have sex with (most want sex with). When condoms were free, PrEP‐experienced MSM had a lower rate of condom purchasing than did PrEP‐naïve MSM. For both partner types, PrEP‐experienced MSM reached a price break point (i.e., would not buy condoms) at a lower price than did PrEP‐naïve pariticipants. For the most‐want‐sex‐with partner at the price at which participants elected not to buy condoms, only 23% of PrEP‐experienced MSM chose to abstain from sex when not purchasing condoms versus 53% among PrEP‐naïve MSM. Similar patterns were observed for the least‐STD partner. The results support the potential utility of the CoPT in identifying behavioral mechanisms related to condom use and PrEP.