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AbstractAlcohol misuse ranks among the leading causes of preventable death worldwide. Therefore, discovering measures that can predict hazardous drinking is critical. The delay discounting paradigm—which assesses relative preference for immediate rewards over larger, later rewards—has frequently been used as a proxy for impulsive choice, but it does not capture how long someone is willing to wait for delayed rewards when the arrival time is uncertain. In contrast, a newer willingness‐to‐wait task measures how long someone is willing to wait for a delayed reward of uncertain timing before giving up. We hypothesized that performance in this willingness‐to‐wait task would be associated with drinking severity and that this task may even outperform delay discounting as a predictor of drinking severity. We pooled data from multiple studies of mostly college‐aged adult participants. Drinking severity was assessed with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Willingness to wait under temporal uncertainty, but not delay discounting, was associated with severity of alcohol problems among participants who drank (n = 212). Individuals engaging in hazardous drinking were less willing to wait for rewards when delays were unknown than were individuals with low‐risk drinking habits. Thus, willingness to wait under temporal uncertainty may be an important predictor of problematic drinking.

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AbstractWe examined the zoographics, or the characteristics of nonhuman animal subjects, reported for the entirety of the Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) through the most recent complete year (1958–2023). Animal sex in particular was evaluated to determine whether the lack of inclusion of female subjects in other disciplines extends to JEAB. Through systematic coding of all nonhuman empirical articles, we found consistent underreporting of most zoographics and a disproportionate use of male subjects relative to female subjects. Additionally, animal sex was commonly unreported and the inclusion of both male and female subjects was sparse. Recent years show some improvement, but greater inclusion is required. Lack of female subjects in research as well as underreporting of zoographics can generate unrepresentative results and hamper replication, generalization, and translation. We provide resources to guide future research and reporting suggestions such as equal inclusion and disaggregation of data by sex. We also clarify misunderstandings about the use of both sexes in research such as beliefs that it necessarily increases the cost of research.

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AbstractThe speaker immersion protocol (SIP) is an intervention that attempts to increase the frequency and spontaneity of a child's spoken communication. SIP has demonstrated effectiveness with increasing mands and other verbal operants (Ross et al., 2006); however, prior investigations have not examined SIP in the context of needing to recruit the social attention of a communicative partner in the presence of an establishing operation. The current study sought to extend the literature on SIP by adding a recruitment for social attention component to the intervention with two children with Autism spectrum disorder and limited spontaneous language. Prior to intervention, both participants engaged in low levels of target‐requesting behavior even when a communication partner was readily available close by. After receiving an intervention designed to increase vocal requests, both participants demonstrated a significant increase in the number of vocal requests they emitted; however, that did not generalize to making appropriate bids for attention until recruitment for attention was embedded within SIP. Future studies should continue to examine the most effective and efficient ways to improve both the quantity and the quality of autistic children's social communication.

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La “percepción de causalidad personal” se ha estudiado con palomas al apagar una tecla de forma dependiente o independiente al picoteo a dicha tecla. Entonces, se ilumina una tecla a cada lado. Las palomas deben picar una tecla después de un cambio de estímulos (CE) dependiente o la otra tecla después de un CE independiente. Se ha observado que la precisión de la percepción de causalidad personal de las palomas disminuye al alargar la demora entre las respuestas y los CE dependientes. En el presente estudio se replicó este procedimiento con humanos para averiguar si la demora entre las respuestas y los CE dependientes determina la percepción de causalidad personal en humanos de manera similar que en palomas. La demora varió entre 0, 0.5, 1, 2 y 4 s. Los aciertos de los humanos disminuyeron al alargar la demora de forma similar que con las palomas. Las curvas Características Operativas del Receptor no mostraron sesgos sistemáticos en los reportes de los participantes conforme se alargó la demora. Se concluyó que las palomas y los humanos discriminan entre CE dependientes e independientes a sus respuestas con base en el tiempo entre su última respuesta y el CE, conforme a una discriminación condicional.

Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis, 2024 Volume 38 Issue 2 Pages 148-155

Japanese Journal of Behavior Analysis, 2024 Volume 39 Issue 1 Pages 50-54

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