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AbstractIdiopathic toe walking (ITW) refers to ambulation with a toe‐to‐toe gait in the absence of a known cause. Although it is exhibited by typically developing children, it is more common among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Persistent ITW can cause several long‐term medical problems, including ankle deformities and balance and posture abnormalities. In the current study, we first conducted a series of no interaction or alone conditions to verify that ITW exhibited by four children with ASD persisted in the absence of social consequences. We then evaluated a hands‐on‐shoulder plus praise procedure in which gentle pressure is applied to participants' shoulders to prompt their heels to contact the ground, along with praise for appropriate steps in order to reduce ITW. Results suggest that the procedure was effective with all participants, and measures of social validity indicate that caregivers approved of the procedure. We discuss the results in terms of the putative mechanisms responsible for the effects of the procedure as well as the conditions under which the procedure might be used.

AbstractPrevious research has evaluated the effects of prompt rates on the rate of communicative behavior. More recent research has suggested that dense prompting can result in communicative behavior that is more resistant to change. However, existing research has not considered the impact that higher response rates had on reinforcement rate, a variable known to impact response persistence. The current study systematically replicated previous research by evaluating communicative responding in contexts associated with dense‐ and lean‐prompt schedules and extended existing research by (a) holding reinforcement rates similar across the two prompting schedules (lean and dense), and (b) evaluating the persistence of communicative responding in the contexts associated with each prompting schedule. The results for Experiment 1 clearly replicated and extended previous research. The results for Experiment 2 were equivocal and suggested that previous reinforcement history and response class size impacted outcomes.

AbstractResearchers have demonstrated the effectiveness of extinction‐based treatments to reduce challenging behavior. Although bursts and temporary increases in emotional responding may occur in some basic and applied studies, recent studies on their prevalence have shown that side effects are far from ubiquitous. Woods and Borrero (2019) determined that bursts of inappropriate mealtime behavior and increases in emotional responding occurred in 30% of data sets during extinction‐based treatment of pediatric feeding difficulties. In the current study, we conducted a retrospective consecutive‐controlled case series by evaluating treatment graphs of inappropriate mealtime behavior, negative vocalizations, active acceptance, and mouth clean for 60 children admitted to an intensive day‐treatment feeding disorders program. We discuss the implications of these findings and provide general recommendations for the use of extinction‐based treatment.

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O gaslighting, tipo de violência psicológica frequente em relacionamentos abusivos e dificilmente reconhecida, ocorre quando o agressor utiliza de ofensas, humilhações, ameaças, etc. para comunicar a vítima de que suas percepções, pensamentos e sentimentos estão incorretos ou inadequados. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo ampliar a discussão sobre o fenômeno pela perspectiva analítico-comportamental, analisando os principais padrões comportamentais presentes na prática desta violência e o que os mantém. Realizou-se um exercício interpretativo, relacionando a literatura que descreve o fenômeno do gaslighting com a literatura analítico-comportamental, por meio dos conceitos: coerção, tato sob controle de eventos privados e comportamento governado por regras. Tais conceitos foram definidos e relacionados com exemplos de vítimas de gaslighting, retirados de reportagens jornalísticas e livros. As análises realizadas levantaram padrões comportamentais presentes nos comportamentos do agressor e da vítima, com comportamentos controlados por contingências de punição, reforçamento negativo e regras sociais, além da produção de distorção de autotatos da vítima. Por vivermos em uma sociedade patriarcal que molda repertórios comportamentais masculinos e femininos e contribui para a desigualdade entre os gêneros, ressalta-se a relevância de estudar pela ótica analítico-comportamental fenômenos como gaslighting e outros temas relacionados à violência contra a mulher e ao patriarcado.

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AbstractTwo experiments with human adults investigated the extent to which the transfer of function in accordance with nonarbitrary versus arbitrary stimulus relations may be brought under contextual control. Experiment 1 comprised four phases. Phase 1 consisted of multiple‐exemplar training to establish discriminative functions for solid, dashed, or dotted lines. Phase 2 trained and tested two equivalence classes, each containing a 3D picture, a solid, a dashed, and a dotted form. During Phase 3, a discriminative function was established for each 3D picture. Phase 4 presented the solid, dashed, and dotted stimuli in two different frames, black or gray. The black frame cued function transfer based on nonarbitrary stimulus relations (Frame Physical); the gray frame cued function transfer based on equivalence relations (Frame Arbitrary). Testing and training with the frames was continued until contextual control was established; subsequently contextual control was demonstrated with novel equivalence classes with stimuli composed of the same forms. Experiment 2 replicated and extended Experiment 1 by demonstrating that such contextual control generalized to novel equivalence classes comprising novel forms and responses. The potential implications of the findings for developing increasingly precise experimental analyses of clinically relevant phenomena are considered (e.g., defusion).

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