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AbstractVoluntary behaviors (operants) can come in two varieties: Goal‐directed actions, which are emitted based on the remembered value of the reinforcer, and habits, which are evoked by antecedent cues and performed without the reinforcer's value in active memory. The two are perhaps most clearly distinguished with the reinforcer‐devaluation test: Goal‐directed actions are suppressed when the reinforcer is separately devalued and responding is tested in extinction, and habitual behaviors are not. But what is the function of habit learning? Habits are often thought to be strong and unusually persistent. The present selective review examines this idea by asking whether habits identified by the reinforcer‐devaluation test are more resistant to extinction, resistant to the effects of other contingency change, vulnerable to relapse, resistant to the weakening effects of context change, or permanently in place once they are learned. Surprisingly little evidence supports the idea that habits are permanent or more persistent. Habits are more context‐specific than goal‐directed actions are. Methods that make behavior persistent do not necessarily work by encouraging habit. The function of habit learning may not be to make a behavior strong or more persistent but to make it automatic and efficient in a particular context.

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O presente ensaio teórico tem como objetivo construir uma reflexão a partir da discussão do comportamento, da sensibilidade, e da sua relação com o mundo por meio da contribuição de José Antônio Damásio Abib em seu livro “Comportamento e sensibilidade: Vida, prazer e ética”, associando com as questões relacionadas à homoparentalidade e a diversidade no ambiente escolar. A família é entendida como um desenho demarcado por uma estrutura tradicional e heteronormativa da sociedade, indo de encontro com as propostas de uma educação para a diversidade. Nessa direção, propusemos uma reflexão com vistas a um projeto de desenvolvimento humano, em que a educação da sensibilidade promova uma educação para a alteridade, que possa tornar o indivíduo capaz de compreender outros mundos além do seu e formá-lo como indivíduo que expanda seus horizontes e não apenas reproduza o passado. Para isso, discutimos como a escola pode se transformar em um local no qual a educação da sensibilidade ocorra de forma libertadora.

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AbstractThis article provides a comprehensive overview of the development of a behavior-analytic alternative to the popular implicit association test (IAT), namely, the function acquisition speed test (FAST). The IAT appears, prima facia, to indirectly assess participants’ learning histories with regard to the categorization of stimuli. However, its origin within cognitive psychology has rendered it replete with mentalism, conceptual ambiguity, statistical arbitrariness, and confounding procedural artifacts. The most popular behavioral alternative to the IAT, the widely used implicit relational assessment procedure (IRAP), has inherited many of these concerning artifacts. In this article, we present a behavior-analytic critique of both the IAT and IRAP, and argue that a behavior-analytic approach to implicit measures must have stimulus control front and center in its analysis. We then outline a series of early research studies that provided the basis for a potentially superior procedure within our field. We go on to outline how this early research was harnessed in stepwise research, guided by a strict adherence to traditional behavior-analytic methods for the analysis of stimulus relations, to increasingly modify a test format fit for the behavior analyst interested in assessing stimulus relatedness.

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic provided an opportunity to investigate factors related to public response to public health measures, which could help better prepare implementation of similar measures for inevitable future pandemics. To understand individual and environmental factors that influence likelihood in engaging in personal and public health measures, three crowdsourced convenience samples from Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) completed likelihood‐discounting tasks of engaging in health behaviors given a variety of hypothetical viral outbreak scenarios. Experiment 1 assessed likelihood of mask wearing for a novel virus. Experiment 2 assessed vaccination likelihood based on efficacy and cost. Experiment 3 assessed likelihood of seeking health care based on number of symptoms and cost of treatment. Volume‐based measures and three‐dimensional modeling were used to analyze hypothetical decision making. Hypothetical public and personal health participation increased as viral fatality increased and generally followed a hyperbolic function. Public health participation was moderated by political orientation and trust in science, whereas treatment‐seeking was only moderated by income. Analytic methods used in this cross‐sectional study predicted population‐level outcomes that occurred later in the pandemic and can be extended to various health behaviors.

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