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Este trabalho analisou o potencial de eficácia da Norma Técnica de Uniformização dos Centros de Referência de Atendimento à Mulher em Situação de Violência quanto ao planejamento de contingências alternativas à violência doméstica. Para tanto, foram categorizadas as variáveis de permanência da mulher em relações abusivas, tal como previsto pela literatura, e analisada funcionalmente a Norma Técnica em termos de contexto, ações previstas e consequências planejadas. Por fim, foram discutidas as relações de contingência entre as ações previstas na Norma e os fatores determinantes para manutenção de mulheres em relações abusivas. Os resultados indicaram que, de maneira geral, a norma técnica prevê ações potencialmente efetivas na promoção de habilidades e contingências alternativas à situação de violência. Entretanto, para alguns dos serviços, em especial no Atendimento Psicológico, as ações prescritas são insuficientemente descritas ou não apresentam clara relação de contingência com a consequência planejada. Constatou-se, ainda, que o documento não prevê condições alternativas a alguns fatores mantenedores das relações violentas. Entende-se que a explicitação das relações de contingências entre ações de equipamentos governamentais e os determinantes do problema social sob intervenção pode favorecer o planejamento, implementação e avaliação de políticas públicas.

La Psicología, desde una perspectiva funcional de campo (Kantor & Smith, 1975), da cuenta del desarrollo lingüístico de los individuos. Con esta lógica, el análisis de la escritura se ha llevado a cabo bajo la noción de modos lingüísticos (Fuentes & Ribes, 2001), los cuales son: observar, escuchar, señalar/gesticular, hablar, leer y escribir. El objetivo del presente manuscrito es doble: en un primer momento, se recuperan algunas nociones básicas derivadas de una caracterización inicial de los modos lingüísticos, y se discuten en términos de las limitaciones conceptuales y metodológicas que conllevan; y, en un segundo momento, se formula una propuesta dirigida a la ampliación del segmento analítico (episodio de escritura), haciendo hincapié en la interrelación funcional que ocurre entre el escribir y los otros modos lingüísticos, la cual cobra sentido, no en virtud de aquellos aspectos morfológicos inherentes a cada modo, sino en función de un dominio disciplinar, del tipo de competencia a establecer o evaluar, de los criterios que la situación demanda y su nivel funcional. Se considera que dicha caracterización del episodio de escritura permitiría una aproximación a un análisis tanto molecular como molar, más representativa de las interacciones reales en que dichos modos acontecen, particularmente, dentro del análisis de las interacciones didácticas.

Ao Todorov, com carinho

Nicotine produces robust stimulus effects that can be conditioned to exert stimulus control over behavior through associative learning. Additionally, nicotine has weak reinforcing effects that are inconsistent with its prevalence of use and the tenacity of nicotine dependence. The present study investigated whether conditioned associations to the nicotine drug stimulus may confer additional reinforcing strength to nicotine that thereby increase its use liability, and presents a new methodological approach to investigating the interaction between the stimulus effects and reinforcing effects of drugs. Male and female Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into groups receiving intravenous infusions of either 0.03 mg/kg nicotine or 0.9% saline that were either Paired (30 s delayed) or explicitly Unpaired (4 to 6 min delayed) with sucrose deliveries over 24 daily conditioning sessions. Thereafter, recessed nosepoke response devices were installed in the chambers and infusions of their assigned drug solutions were contingently available according to a progressive ratio schedule. Rats in the Paired Nicotine condition acquired the nosepoke response, expressed active nosepoke discrimination, and self‐administered significantly more infusions than rats in any of the other groups. These results demonstrate that the interoceptive stimulus effects of nicotine can form Pavlovian associations with reinforcing events that alter its reinforcement efficacy.

Polysubstance use makes up a majority of drug use, yet relatively few studies investigate the abuse‐related effects of drug mixtures. Dose‐addition analyses provide a rigorous and quantitative method to determine the nature of the interaction (i.e., supraadditive, additive, or subadditive) between two or more drugs. As briefly reviewed here, studies in rhesus monkeys have applied dose‐addition analyses to group level data to characterize the nature of the interaction between the reinforcing effects of stimulants and opioids (e.g., mixtures of cocaine + heroin). Building upon these foundational studies, more recent work has applied dose‐addition analyses to better understand the nature of the interaction between caffeine and illicit stimulants such as MDPV and methamphetamine in rats. In addition to utilizing a variety of operant procedures, including drug discrimination, drug self‐administration, and drug‐primed reinstatement, these studies have incorporated potency and effectiveness ratios as a method for both statistical analysis and visualization of departures from additivity at both the group and individual subject level. As such, dose‐addition analyses represent a powerful and underutilized approach to quantify the nature of drug–drug interactions that can be applied to a variety of abuse‐related endpoints in order to better understand the behavioral pharmacology of polysubstance use.

Various treatment approaches have been determined efficacious for improving child behavior outcomes. Despite a variety of evidence‐based options, consumers often disregard empirically supported treatments to pursue alternatives that lack empirical support, such as ‘fad' therapies. The choice to pursue therapies lacking empirical support has been considered a ‘gamble’ on therapeutic outcomes and this form of risky choice has historically been explained using various cognitive heuristics and biases. This report translates quantitative analyses from the Operant Demand Framework to characterize how caregivers of children with behavioral issues consume treatment services. The Operant Demand Framework is presented, its utility for characterizing patterns of treatment consumption is discussed, and a preliminary application of cross‐price analyses of demand is performed to illustrate how various factors jointly influence treatment‐related choice. Results indicated that caregivers endorsing interest in receiving behavioral parent training regularly pursued pseudoscientific alternatives as a functional substitute for an established therapy, despite explicit language stating a lack of evidence. These findings question the presumption of rationality in models of treatment choice and degree to which scientific evidence influences the consumption of therapies. This report concludes with a discussion of Consumer Behavior Analysis and how quantitative analyses of behavior can be used to better understand factors that enhance or detract from the dissemination of evidence‐based practices.

Evidence‐based practices (EBPs) are a critical component of effective and ethical service delivery. Clinicians in the behavioral sciences regularly advocate for the use of therapies and interventions based on the strength and breadth of scientific evidence. However, caregiver choices related to specific behavior therapies are seldom based solely on the degree (or the presence) of scientific evidence. This study applied methods from the Operant Demand Framework to characterize caregiver choices when concurrently available behavior therapies varied in terms of unit price and levels of evidence. Four Hypothetical Treatment Purchase Tasks were designed to evaluate how relative differences in scientific evidence between behavior therapies influenced the demand for, and substitutability of, EBPs. Results from 106 caregivers recruited from the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform indicated that low‐, moderate‐, and high‐evidence treatment choices all functioned as substitutes for a high‐evidence (i.e., well‐established) behavior therapy. A main effect was observed for the level of evidence, whereby the strength of evidence appeared to moderate the degree to which respective treatments functioned as substitutes. These results extend the literature on the factors associated with treatment choices, and specifically, highlight how differences in the degree of scientific evidence influence choice when deciding between behavior therapies. These results are discussed in the context of more effectively advocating for the use of EBPs with mainstream and lay audiences.

Behavior analysts and psychologists advocate for the use of therapies and strategies based on credible, scientific evidence. Researchers and clinicians regularly advocate for Evidence‐based Practices (EBPs) over questionable “alternatives” because caregivers seldom choose interventions based on scientific evidence alone. This study applied methods and concepts from Consumer Behavior Analysis to conduct a reinforcer‐based evaluation of the consequences that influence treatment choices. Hypothetical Treatment Purchase Tasks (HTPTs) were designed to evaluate how utilitarian (UR; i.e., the efficacy of treatment) and informational sources of reinforcement (IR; i.e., community support for treatment) jointly influence treatment‐related choices. A total of 104 caregivers were recruited using the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) framework to complete two HTPTs. Results indicated that caregivers overall favored treatments with greater IR over those with greater UR, suggesting that indirect contingencies for treatment choices exerted greater overall influence than the direct contingencies of treatment choices (i.e., efficacy). This finding extends the literature on treatment choice by providing a reinforcer‐based perspective on why ‘fad’, questionable, and pseudoscientific practices can achieve and maintain high levels of adoption by caregivers. This work concludes with a discussion of Consumer Behavior Analysis and how reinforcer‐based interpretations of choice can be used to improve efforts to support and advocate for evidence‐based child behavior treatments.

AbstractThis manuscript provides a comprehensive overview of the impact of applied behavior analysis (ABA) on children and youth with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Seven online databases and identified systematic reviews were searched for published, peer-reviewed, English-language studies examining the impact of ABA on health outcomes. Measured outcomes were classified into eight categories: cognitive, language, social/communication, problem behavior, adaptive behavior, emotional, autism symptoms, and quality of life (QoL) outcomes. Improvements were observed across seven of the eight outcome measures. There were no included studies that measured subject QoL. Moreover, of 770 included study records, only 32 (4%) assessed ABA impact, had a comparison to a control or other intervention, and did not rely on mastery of specific skills to mark improvement. Results reinforce the need for large-scale prospective studies that compare ABA with other non-ABA interventions and include measurements of subject QoL to provide policy makers with valuable information on the impacts of ABA and other existing and emerging interventions.