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AbstractChildren diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder are at high risk of being bullied, but research on teaching children with autism self‐protection skills for bullying situations is scant. We taught five children self‐protection skills for two types of bullying (threats and unkind remarks) and consecutive bullying occurrences. We first evaluated behavioral skills training and a textual prompt to teach children to report threats of physical or material harm, provide a disapproving statement after a first unkind remark, and occupy themselves with an activity away from a bully after a second unkind remark. Additional tactics were necessary to aid in the discrimination of bullying situations for two children. There were increases in the self‐protection skills with all children. Results further support that an active‐learning approach is efficacious in teaching responses to bullying in simulated situations. Considerations for teaching these skills while maintaining trust and rapport with children and caregivers are discussed.

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AbstractResurgence is defined as an increase in a previously reinforced and reduced target response when conditions worsen for a more recently reinforced alternative response. The present experiment evaluated the effects of target‐ and alternative‐reinforcer rate on resurgence in humans. We arranged combinations of contingent high‐ and low‐rate target and high‐ and low‐rate alternative reinforcement across four groups. When extinguishing all reinforcement, resurgence occurred only in groups experiencing a high rate of alternative reinforcement, with resurgence being higher in the group that experienced high rates of both target and alternative reinforcement. Our findings join those of others that indicate that rates of alternative reinforcement contribute more to resurgence than target‐reinforcer rates. A quantitative model of resurgence, resurgence as choice in context (RaC2), tended to underpredict target responding and overpredict alternative responding in Phase 3. Including a misallocation parameter to account for a proportion of reinforcers misallocated between responses provided a better account of the findings.

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Abstract Schedule‐induced polydipsia (SIP) arises when subjects consume excessive amounts of water during interval responding on operant tasks, a paradigm introduced and mostly developed in rats. Neuropharmacological studies conducted on SIP have mainly shown a prominent role of dopamine and 5HT in this adjunctive behavior. In particular, D 1 /D 2 receptor antagonists decrease SIP, whereas low doses of dopamine reuptake blockers increase SIP. There is more specific evidence of a decline in SIP after lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine pathway. A decline in SIP is likewise observed after the injection of 5HT reuptake blockers and modulated by 5HT 2A /5HT 2C receptor agonists and antagonists. Despite more limited studies with other neurotransmitter systems, SIP has so far been shown to decline after the injection of muscarinic or NMDA receptor antagonists as well as benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Under some conditions, the role of neuroendocrine factors is shown by alterations in blood corticosterone levels during the course of SIP, indicative of its stress‐reducing properties.

AbstractWe conducted a scoping review on the consecutive controlled case series (CCCS) methodology (Hagopian, 2020). The CCCS is an approach to studying functional relations across a series of consecutive cases that share common features. We identified and reviewed 76 studies that used CCCS methodology. Most of these (a) were retrospective CCCS studies that incorporated most of the CCCS elements that were identified by Hagopian (2020), (b) involved child participants with autism spectrum disorder or an intellectual disability, and (c) evaluated the assessment and treatment of challenging behavior within specialized clinical settings. The sample sizes ranged from 3 to 269 participants, with a median of 20 participants. We discuss current trends, gaps in the literature, and implications for statements of the generality of behavioral procedures.

Abstract A search for language in nonhuman animals has intrigued psychologists and ethologists, offering insights into the evolution of human linguistic abilities. Recent findings in both ethology and behavior analysis/animal cognition highlight exciting developments. In behavior analysis, Peter J. Urcuioli (1952–2022) successfully demonstrated the phenomenon of stimulus equivalence in pigeons and proposed a theory (2008) that underlies pigeons' performance. In ethology, Suzuki and colleagues discovered that Japanese tits use two‐word compositional syntax, one of the first demonstrations in animals other than humans. This article compares these two research areas to highlight their similarities and suggests future directions for studying the evolution of language and cognition in both human and nonhuman species. Written in honor of Dr. Urcuioli, this article recognizes his contributions to behavior analysis, psychology, and ethology, advancing understanding of animal cognition and its broader implications for humanity.

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