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Abstract Antecedent stimulus prevalence can affect detectability. Two contrasting effects have been reported in humans. The low‐prevalence effect is when participants are less likely to report the presence of the target stimulus when it occurs with low prevalence. Recently, an opposite effect has been discovered in which participants are more likely to report the presence of low‐prevalence stimuli. There is little if any research on stimulus prevalence with nonhuman animals; therefore, the present study investigated prevalence effects in rats to extend species generality, determine which effect would occur, and identify controlling variables. Rats were trained to press left and right levers conditional on the flash rate of the sample stimulus (1 or 5 Hz). A between‐group, within‐subject comparison in which the two flash rates were not always equally prevalent was employed. Low‐prevalence stimuli were underreported, systematically replicating the low‐prevalence effect. Rats initially trained under the unequal‐prevalence condition failed to acquire or took longer to acquire high accuracy with the low‐prevalence stimulus but quickly achieved high accuracy with the high‐prevalence stimulus. Subsequent training under equal‐prevalence conditions remediated these effects, and prior training under equal prevalence seemed to offer a protective effect from later decreases in stimulus prevalence.

Este estudo examina a aplicação do Estatuto da Pessoa com Deficiência (Lei nº 13.146/2015) pelo Poder Judiciário brasileiro em casos de capacitismo no ambiente escolar, especificamente no Distrito Federal. O capacitismo, entendido como um conjunto de práticas e crenças discriminatórias contra pessoas com deficiência, manifesta-se nas escolas por meio de atitudes como a recusa de matrículas, a ausência de adaptações curriculares e a falta de suporte adequado, comprometendo o direito à educação inclusiva. A pesquisa analisou uma amostra de 100 acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça do Distrito Federal e Territórios, focando nas decisões judiciais que abordam demandas de alunos neurodivergentes por monitoria espe­cializada, adaptações escolares e combate à discriminação. Foram aplicadas análises quanti­tativas e inferenciais para identificar as teses jurídicas mais utilizadas, além da relevância de provas documentais para comprovação de necessidades dos alunos. Os resultados indicaram uma aplicação inconsistente da Lei nº 13.146/2015, com variações nas decisões e na frequ­ência de punições. a argumentação jurídica e a documentação apresentada influenciam no desfecho dos processos. Este trabalho destaca a importância da uniformidade nas decisões judiciais e a necessidade de aprimoramento na aplicação de políticas inclusivas nas escolas, visando garantir que os direitos das pessoas com deficiência sejam implementados nas ins­tituições de ensino.

A religião está dentre os vários temas de interesse humano investigados por analistas do comportamento. Menções a análises de B. F. Skinner sobre a religião são recorrentes nos estudos sobre essa temática na área, a despeito de haver divergências entre esses estudos. Considerando esse aspecto, o objetivo deste artigo foi sistematizar as discussões skinnerianas sobre a temática da religião. Para tanto, foi realizada uma pesquisa teórico-conceitual que mapeou e sistematizou 530 ocorrências de termos com o radical “relig” encontrados em livros de Skinner. As ocorrências foram coligidas em categorias temáticas que deram relevo a diferentes noções utilizadas por Skinner para abordar a temática da religião: comportamento religioso; controle religioso; agência controladora religiosa; educação religiosa; controle ético religioso; autocontrole religioso; religiosidade. Em suas análises, Skinner recorreu a aspectos filogenéticos, ontogenéticos e culturais para examinar diferentes noções atreladas à religião, além de ponderar malefícios e benefícios do controle institucional religioso para o indivíduo e para o grupo. O panorama conceitual construído permite concluir que Skinner apresentou um sistema religioso para tratar da temática religiosa, no qual são utilizados de modo integrado e inter-relacionado diferentes noções e níveis de análise, de forma a lidar com a complexidade do tema. A sistematização terminológica apresentada neste estudo pode ser uma ferramenta conceitual heuristicamente útil para reavaliar as críticas dirigidas à análise skinneriana do assunto; examinar a literatura analítico-comportamental dedicada ao tema; e abordar de forma mais abrangente discussões contemporâneas sobre a religião de uma perspectiva analítico-comportamental.Palavras-chave: religião, Skinner, comportamentalismo radical, pesquisa teórico-conceitual.

ABSTRACT In a synthesized contingency analysis (SCA), contingencies hypothesized to maintain problem behavior are combined into a single test condition; if the behavior occurs at a higher rate in that condition relative to the control, it is assumed to be maintained by a synthesized contingency. This study evaluated whether a single maintaining function could be determined using a SCA. Putative reinforcers were divided into three synthesized test contingencies in which target behavior was measured and compared to a single control condition. Next, abductive reasoning was applied to ascertain if a single maintaining function could be determined as a proof‐of‐concept demonstration. This procedure identified a single function for one of three participants, consistent with the results of a single contingency analysis (i.e., standard functional analysis). The utility of including more than one synthesized condition, when competing hypotheses about synthesized, multiply maintained, or singly maintained behavior, is discussed from these results.

Study Objective: The purpose of the present study was to examine effects of the application of an interdependent group-oriented contingency on classro …

Abstract Automatically maintained self‐injurious behavior (SIB) sometimes co‐occurs with self‐restraint, a self‐limiting behavior that impedes SIB and can be maladaptive (e.g., hinders functional skills and movement). The presence of self‐restraint suggests SIB produces aversive consequences, which self‐restraint limits. We conducted a prospective consecutive controlled case series study of five individuals with Subtype 3 automatically maintained SIB where we applied the augmented competing stimulus assessment to identify and establish alternative self‐restraint items to compete with existing forms of self‐restraint. At least one high‐competition item that produced an 80% or greater reduction in self‐restraint and SIB without disrupting toy engagement was identified for the four participants who completed assessment. We discuss the need for additional research on this procedure and how competing self‐restraint items can be used in combination with competing stimuli and tasks to address SIB and self‐restraint. We also discuss some avenues for research that is directed at understanding the mechanisms of self‐restraint.

Abstract In recent years, public concerns about applied behavior analysis (ABA) have intensified. This article argues that foundational principles of ABA require behavior analysts to take seriously these concerns and actively work to improve our practices. We provide an overview of ongoing reform efforts and examine how these efforts have led to the emergence of distinct brands within the field. Although these reformist efforts signal a commitment to ethical progress, they also raise concerns about the proliferation of competing credentials, conferences, and professional affiliations, which could increase confusion among clients, practitioners, and policymakers. We argue that although branding within ABA may be an expected and ultimately benign response to shifting ethical and practical norms, it also carries the potential to faction reformist efforts and further divide the field, rather than promote our collective advancement toward ever-better practices. Thus, our goals are to: (1) raise awareness around the potentialities of siloing advancements under competing labels, and (2) suggest that an integrated approach synthesizing reformist insights into a cohesive framework may have the greatest impact on advancing the whole field’s understanding of best practice.