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Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.

The communities of behavior analysts and animal trainers remain relatively disconnected despite potentially beneficial links between behavioral principles and the practices of animal training. Describing existing links between research by behavior analysts and practices used by animal trainers may foster connections. In this paper, we describe an approach used by many clicker trainers, referred to as loopy training. Loopy training is a teaching process built around the concept of movement cycles. Interactions between the animal learner and the handler are refined into predictable, cyclical patterns that can be expanded into complex sequences. These sequences include cues, target responses, conditioned reinforcers, and consummatory responses. We link the foundations of loopy training to existing work in the experimental analysis of behavior, compare loopy training to other shaping approaches, and describe areas for future research. We conclude with a series of recommendations for further developing connections between behavior analysts and animal trainers, using loopy training as the foundation for our suggestions.

Of the millions of dogs that enter animal shelters in the United States each year, many exhibit behaviors labeled as fear, which can decrease their likelihood of adoption. Current dog training procedures to treat these behaviors can take months or even years to show significant change. When these procedures are used in shelters, they mainly focus on reducing fear, as opposed to teaching specific behaviors to increase adoptions. The goal of the current study was to teach fearful shelter dogs to interact with a novel person. A seven‐step shaping procedure used the removal of the novel person as a reinforcer. The dogs learned a series of behaviors, starting with looking at the person and small head movements and progressing until the dog was approaching the front of the kennel and voluntarily interacting with the person. All three dogs completed the program in a short amount of time (under 40 min) and showed an increase in approaching the front of the kennel, sniffing, tail wagging, and accepting petting. These behaviors persisted during a return‐to‐baseline condition, suggesting that the newly shaped behaviors had come under the control of positive reinforcement in the form of social interaction with the experimenter.

Tversky and Kahneman (1981) told participants to imagine they were at a store about to purchase an item. They were asked if they would be willing to drive 20 min to another store to receive a $5 discount on the item's price. Most participants were willing, but only when the original price of the item was small ($15); when the original price was relatively large ($125), most said they would not drive 20 min for a $5 discount. We examined this framing effect in 296 participants, but instead used a psychophysical‐adjustment procedure to obtain quantitative estimates of the discount required with different (a) item prices, (b) delays until the item's receipt, and (c) opportunity costs (in “driving” vs. “delivery” tasks). We systematically replicated Tversky and Kahneman's results, but also extended them by showing a substantial influence of opportunity costs on the consumer discounts required. A behavioral model of delay discounting—additive‐utility theory—accounted for 97% of the variance in these consumer discounts.

Se realizó un estudio experimental para evaluar la transposición relacional de posiciones verticales relativas como un contacto de comparación. Participaron cuatro universitarias voluntariamente en una tarea interactiva empleando sistemas y registros computacionales. Las participantes tenían que igualar, en dos segmentos de comparación, los cambios relativos de posición vertical de dos figuras en dos conjuntos de número variable que constituían los dos segmentos de muestra en la parte superior de la pantalla. El experimento tuvo lugar durante seis sesiones de 36 ensayos, cinco con ensayos correctivos y una como prueba. Se evaluó en una prueba previa a la primera sesión la descripción de las posiciones relativas de un conjunto de figuras mediante textos. Los resultados de este experimento mostraron que las 4 participantes adquirieron la discriminación relacional de transposiciones relativas. Una participante no cometió ningún error de transposición en las últimas tres sesiones, mientras que las otras fueron adquiriendo el desempeño relacional gradualmente, una de ellas hasta la sesión de prueba. Se evaluaron las discriminaciones correctas e incorrectas en forma continua, el tipo de error, las rutas de desplazamiento del ratón en los distintos segmentos de la pantalla, y los tiempos de visita acumulados en cada segmento. La transposición relacional de ubicación vertical parece requerir patrones de localización e inspección de tipo visual-lingüístico en vez de patrones visomotores, sugiriendo que los contactos funcionales de comparación solo pueden tener lugar en humanos.

Resumo não informado pela fonte indexada.