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Memories of João Claudio Todorov

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Perhaps the most popular definition of psychology is the science of mind and behavior. However, the interrelation between mind and behavior is one of continuing controversy. The present paper examines this enduring issue from the perspectives of George J. Romanes, an early comparative psychologist, Edwin G. Boring, an influential experimental psychologist, and Howard Rachlin, an estimable recent behaviorist. Their respective positions shed considerable light on both the theory and practice of behavioral psychology.

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El offside constituye una regla de sanción de carácter deportivo cuyo propósito es mantener las condiciones de igualdad en la competición entre individuos o equipos. En el fútbol americano, este se produce en el momento en que cualquier parte del cuerpo de un jugador defensivo cruza la línea de scrimmage seguido del movimiento del balón que inicia la jugada. Esta situación deportiva es ilustrativa de los comportamientos de tiempo de reacción, anticipación y táctica de algunos jugadores dentro del campo de juego. El presente texto ofrece una explicación funcional psicológica general, desde el llamado Modelo Teórico de Campo, de los diferentes comportamientos en situaciones de offside dentro del fútbol americano. Se describen los niveles funcionales, parámetros y finalidades adaptativas, así como las variaciones cuantitativas del campo psíquico que podrían explicar la ocurrencia de este tipo de penalizaciones deportivas. De manera adicional, se propone una serie de lineamientos que podría ser de utilidad para el psicólogo conductual del deporte en un programa de entrenamiento de fútbol americano y eventual aplicación en la ganancia de yardas

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AbstractEthically , behavior analysts are required to use the least aversive and restrictive procedures capable of managing behaviors of concern. This article introduces and discusses a multi-element paradigm for devising support plans that include ecological, positive programming, and focused-support proactive strategies for reducing the frequency of problem behavior occurrence. It also includes reactive strategies, i.e., separate independent variables. In this paradigm, reactive strategies are aimed solely at getting rapid, safe control over the incident, thereby reducing measured and quantified episodic severity. Behavior analysts who publish in mainstream behavioral journals do not always make it explicit how they, in fact, successfully employed non-aversive reactive procedures to achieve rapid/safe control over the severity of a behavioral incident. Three examples of published studies in the behavioral literature which successfully, though only implicitly, used non-aversive reactive strategies (NARS) to reduce the severity of the behaviors of concern are described. The multi-element paradigm discussed in the present article is illustrated by the support plans that address the challenging behavior of three children in a pre-school setting, using both proactive and reactive strategies. Reactive strategies were used for the purpose of reducing episodic severity (ES) and proactive strategies were aimed at reducing the frequency of occurrence. Following a comprehensive functional analysis and assessment (CFA) and the implementation of a multi-element behavior support (MEBS) plan, results show successful outcomes without the need for any aversive or restrictive procedures. When addressing severe behaviors of concern, in addition to reducing behavioral occurrence, safety should also be improved by reducing ES as a measured outcome and as a function of the reactive strategies employed, including in many cases, the use of strategic capitulation, i.e., providing the identified reinforcer for the target behavior.